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Register a new userNumerical Schubert Calculus via the Littlewood-Richardson Homotopy Algorithm
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Added by
Frank Sottile
Publication date
2018
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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We develop the Littlewood-Richardson homotopy algorithm, which uses numerical continuation to compute solutions to Schubert problems on Grassmannians and is based on the geometric Littlewood-Richardson rule. One key ingredient of this algorithm is our new optimal formulation of Schubert problems in local Stiefel coordinates as systems of equations. Our implementation can solve problem instances with tens of thousands of solutions.
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We propose a new algorithm for numerical path tracking in polynomial homotopy continuation. The algorithm is `robust in the sense that it is designed to prevent path jumping and in many cases, it can be used in (only) double precision arithmetic. It is based on an adaptive stepsize predictor that uses Pade techniques to detect local difficulties for function approximation and danger for path jumping. We show the potential of the new path tracking algorithm through several numerical examples and compare with existing implementations.
The Macaulay2 package NumericalSchubertCalculus provides methods for the numerical computation of Schubert problems on Grassmannians. It implements both the Pieri homotopy algorithm and the Littlewood-Richardson homotopy algorithm. Each algorithm has two independent implementations in this package. One is in the scripting language of Macaulay2 using the package NumericalAlgebraicGeometry, and the other is in the compiled code of PHCpack.
We introduce a family of rings of symmetric functions depending on an infinite sequence of parameters. A distinguished basis of such a ring is comprised by analogues of the Schur functions. The corresponding structure coefficients are polynomials in
the parameters which we call the Littlewood-Richardson polynomials. We give a combinatorial rule for their calculation by modifying an earlier result of B. Sagan and the author. The new rule provides a formula for these polynomials which is manifestly positive in the sense of W. Graham. We apply this formula for the calculation of the product of equivariant Schubert classes on Grassmannians which implies a stability property of the structure coefficients. The first manifestly positive formula for such an expansion was given by A. Knutson and T. Tao by using combinatorics of puzzles while the stability property was not apparent from that formula. We also use the Littlewood-Richardson polynomials to describe the multiplication rule in the algebra of the Casimir elements for the general linear Lie algebra in the basis of the quantum immanants constructed by A. Okounkov and G. Olshanski.
Many aspects of Schubert calculus are easily modeled on a computer. This enables large-scale experimentation to investigate subtle and ill-understood phenomena in the Schubert calculus. A well-known web of conjectures and results in the real Schubert calculus has been inspired by this continuing experimentation. A similarly rich story concerning intrinsic structure, or Galois groups, of Schubert problems is also beginning to emerge from experimentation. This showcases new possibilities for the use of computers in mathematical research.
In the recent paper [arXiv:1612.06893] P. Burgisser and A. Lerario introduced a geometric framework for a probabilistic study of real Schubert Problems. They denoted by $delta_{k,n}$ the average number of projective $k$-planes in $mathbb{R}textrm{P}^n$ that intersect $(k+1)(n-k)$ many random, independent and uniformly distributed linear projective subspaces of dimension $n-k-1$. They called $delta_{k,n}$ the expected degree of the real Grassmannian $mathbb{G}(k,n)$ and, in the case $k=1$, they proved that: $$ delta_{1,n}= frac{8}{3pi^{5/2}} cdot left(frac{pi^2}{4}right)^n cdot n^{-1/2} left( 1+mathcal{O}left(n^{-1}right)right) .$$ Here we generalize this result and prove that for every fixed integer $k>0$ and as $nto infty$, we have begin{equation*} delta_{k,n}=a_k cdot left(b_kright)^ncdot n^{-frac{k(k+1)}{4}}left(1+mathcal{O}(n^{-1})right) end{equation*} where $a_k$ and $b_k$ are some (explicit) constants, and $a_k$ involves an interesting integral over the space of polynomials that have all real roots. For instance: $$delta_{2,n}= frac{9sqrt{3}}{2048sqrt{2pi}} cdot 8^n cdot n^{-3/2} left( 1+mathcal{O}left(n^{-1}right)right).$$ Moreover we prove that these numbers belong to the ring of periods intoduced by Kontsevich and Zagier and we give an explicit formula for $delta_{1,n}$ involving a one dimensional integral of certain combination of Elliptic functions.
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