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The generalized Gauss circle problem concerns the lattice point discrepancy of large spheres. We study the Dirichlet series associated to $P_k(n)^2$, where $P_k(n)$ is the discrepancy between the volume of the $k$-dimensional sphere of radius $sqrt{n}$ and the number of integer lattice points contained in that sphere. We prove asymptotics with improved power-saving error terms for smoothed sums, including $sum P_k(n)^2 e^{-n/X}$ and the Laplace transform $int_0^infty P_k(t)^2 e^{-t/X}dt$, in dimensions $k geq 3$. We also obtain main terms and power-saving error terms for the sharp sums $sum_{n leq X} P_k(n)^2$, along with similar results for the sharp integral $int_0^X P_3(t)^2 dt$. This includes producing the first power-saving error term in mean square for the dimension-three Gauss circle problem.
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The Gauss circle problem concerns the difference $P_2(n)$ between the area of a circle of radius $sqrt{n}$ and the number of lattice points it contains. In this paper, we study the Dirichlet series with coefficients $P_2(n)^2$, and prove that this series has meromorphic continuation to $mathbb{C}$. Using this series, we prove that the Laplace transform of $P_2(n)^2$ satisfies $int_0^infty P_2(t)^2 e^{-t/X} , dt = C X^{3/2} -X + O(X^{1/2+epsilon})$, which gives a power-savings improvement to a previous result of Ivic [Ivic1996]. Similarly, we study the meromorphic continuation of the Dirichlet series associated to the correlations $r_2(n+h)r_2(n)$, where $h$ is fixed and $r_2(n)$ denotes the number of representations of $n$ as a sum of two squares. We use this Dirichlet series to prove asymptotics for $sum_{n geq 1} r_2(n+h)r_2(n) e^{-n/X}$, and to provide an additional evaluation of the leading coefficient in the asymptotic for $sum_{n leq X} r_2(n+h)r_2(n)$.
For $Gamma={hbox{PSL}_2( {mathbb Z})}$ the hyperbolic circle problem aims to estimate the number of elements of the orbit $Gamma z$ inside the hyperbolic disc centered at $z$ with radius $cosh^{-1}(X/2)$. We show that, by averaging over Heegner points $z$ of discriminant $D$, Selbergs error term estimate can be improved, if $D$ is large enough. The proof uses bounds on spectral exponential sums, and results towards the sup-norm conjecture of eigenfunctions, and the Lindelof conjecture for twists of the $L$-functions attached to Maa{ss} cusp forms.
Let $e(s)$ be the error term of the hyperbolic circle problem, and denote by $e_alpha(s)$ the fractional integral to order $alpha$ of $e(s)$. We prove that for any small $alpha>0$ the asymptotic variance of $e_alpha(s)$ is finite, and given by an explicit expression. Moreover, we prove that $e_alpha(s)$ has a limiting distribution.
In the past two decades, many researchers have studied {it index $2$} Gauss sums, where the group generated by the characteristic $p$ of the underling finite field is of index $2$ in the unit group of ${mathbb Z}/m{mathbb Z}$ for the order $m$ of the multiplicative character involved. A complete solution to the problem of evaluating index $2$ Gauss sums was given by Yang and Xia~(2010). In particular, it is known that some nonzero integral powers of the Gauss sums in this case are in quadratic fields. On the other hand, Chowla~(1962), McEliece~(1974), Evans~(1977, 1981) and Aoki~(1997, 2004, 2012) studied {it pure} Gauss sums, some nonzero integral powers of which are in the field of rational numbers. In this paper, we study Gauss sums, some integral powers of which are in quadratic fields. This class of Gauss sums is a generalization of index $2$ Gauss sums and an extension of pure Gauss sums to quadratic fields.
Let $W$ be a smooth test function with compact support in $(0,infty)$. Conditional on the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis for Hecke $L$-functions over $mathbb{Q}(omega)$, we prove that $$sum_{p equiv 1 pmod{3}} frac{1}{2 sqrt{p}} cdot Big ( sum_{x pmod{p}} e^{2pi i x^3 / p} Big ) W Big ( frac{p}{X} Big ) sim frac{(2pi)^{2/3}}{3 Gamma(tfrac 23)} int_{0}^{infty} W(x) x^{-1/6} dx cdot frac{X^{5/6}}{log X},$$ as $X rightarrow infty$ and $p$ runs over primes. This explains a well-known numerical bias in the distribution of cubic Gauss sums first observed by Kummer in 1846 and confirms (conditionally on the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis) a conjecture of Patterson from 1978. There are two important byproducts of our proof. The first is an explicit level aspect Voronoi summation formula for cubic Gauss sums, extending computations of Patterson and Yoshimoto. Secondly, we show that Heath-Browns cubic large sieve is sharp up to factors of $X^{o(1)}$ under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. This disproves the popular belief that the cubic large sieve can be improved. An important ingredient in our proof is a dispersion estimate for cubic Gauss sums. It can be interpreted as a cubic large sieve with correction by a non-trivial asymptotic main term. This estimate relies on the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, and is one of the fundamental reasons why our result is conditional.
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