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Allowed charged $pi$ meson decays are characterized by simple dynamics, few available decay channels, mainly into leptons, and extremely well controlled radiative and loop corrections. In that sense, pion decays represent a veritable triumph of the standard model (SM) of elementary particles and interactions. This relative theoretical simplicity makes charged pion decays a sensitive means for testing the underlying symmetries and the universality of weak fermion couplings, as well as for studying pion structure and chiral dynamics. Even after considerable recent improvements, experimental precision is lagging far behind that of the theoretical description for pion decays. We review the current state of experimental study of the pion electronic decay $pi^+ to e^+ u_e(gamma)$, or $pi_{e2(gamma)}$, where the $(gamma)$ indicates inclusion and explicit treatment of radiative decay events. We briefly review the limits on non-SM processes arising from the present level of experimental precision in $pi_{e2(gamma)}$ decays. Focusing on the PEN experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, we examine the prospects for further improvement in the near term.
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With few open channels and uncomplicated theoretical description, charged pion decays are uniquely sensitive to certain standard model (SM) symmetries, the universality of weak fermion couplings, and to aspects of pion structure and chiral dynamics. We review the current knowledge of the pion electronic decay $pi^+ to e^+ u_e({gamma})$, or $pi_{e2({gamma})}$, and the resulting limits on non-SM processes. Focusing on the PEN experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, we examine the prospects for further improvement in the near term.
The Standard Model of particle physics currently provides our best description of fundamental particles and their interactions. The theory predicts that the different charged leptons, the electron, muon and tau, have identical electroweak interaction strengths. Previous measurements have shown a wide range of particle decays are consistent with this principle of lepton universality. This article presents evidence for the breaking of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays, with a significance of 3.1 standard deviations, based on proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector at CERNs Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are of processes in which a beauty meson transforms into a strange meson with the emission of either an electron and a positron, or a muon and an antimuon. If confirmed by future measurements, this violation of lepton universality would imply physics beyond the Standard Model, such as a new fundamental interaction between quarks and leptons.
The Belle Collaboration presented three recent Belle analyses: The search for $Brightarrow l ugamma$ ($l = e, mu$) with improved hadronic tagging, the search for $Brightarrow mu u_mu$ with inclusive tagging and the test of lepton universality in $Brightarrow K^*ll$ ($l = e, mu$) decays.
A precision test of lepton flavour universality has been performed by measuring the ratio RK of kaon leptonic decay rates K+ --> e+nu and K+ --> mu+nu in a sample of 59813 reconstructed K+ --> e+nu candidates with (8.71 +- 0.24)% background contamination. The result RK = (2.487 +- 0.013) * 10^{-5} is in agreement with the Standard Model expectation.
The study of lepton flavor universality violation (LFUV) in semitauonic $b$-hadron decays has become increasingly important in light of longstanding anomalies in their measured branching fractions, and the very large datasets anticipated from the LHC and Belle II. In this review, we undertake a comprehensive survey of the experimental environments and methodologies for semitauonic LFUV measurements at the $B$-factories and LHCb, along with a concise overview of the theoretical foundations and predictions for a wide range of semileptonic decay observables. We proceed to examine the future prospects to control systematic uncertainties down to the percent level, matching the precision of Standard Model (SM) predictions. Furthermore, we discuss new perspectives and caveats on combinations of the LFUV data and revisit the world averages for the ${cal R}(D^{(*)})$ ratios. Here we demonstrate that different treatments for the correlations of uncertainties from $D^{**}$ excited states can vary the current $3sigma$ tension with the SM within a $1sigma$ range. Prior experimental overestimates of $D^{**}tau u$ contributions may further exacerbate this. The precision of future measurements is also estimated; their power to exploit full differential information, and solutions to the inherent difficulties in self-consistent new physics interpretations of LFUV observables, are briefly explored.
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