We consider an anisotropic first-order ODE aggregation model and its approximation by a second-order relaxation system. The relaxation model contains a small parameter $varepsilon$, which can be interpreted as inertia or response time. We examine rigorously the limit $varepsilon to 0$ of solutions to the relaxation system. Of major interest is how discontinuous (in velocities) solutions to the first-order model are captured in the zero-inertia limit. We find that near such discontinuities, solutions to the second-order model perform fast transitions within a time layer of size $mathcal{O}(varepsilon^{2/3})$. We validate this scale with numerical simulations.
We use the method of atomic decomposition to build new families of function spaces, similar to Besov spaces, in measure spaces with grids, a very mild assumption. Besov spaces with low regularity are considered in measure spaces with good grids, and results on multipliers and left compositions are obtained.
In a previous work we introduced Besov spaces $mathcal{B}^s_{p,q}$ defined on a measure spaces with a good grid, with $pin [1,infty)$, $qin [1,infty]$ and $0< s< 1/p$. Here we show that classical Besov spaces on compact homogeneous spaces are examples of such Besov spaces. On the other hand we show that even Besov spaces defined by a good grid made of partitions by intervals may differ from a classical Besov space, giving birth to exotic Besov spaces.
In recent work, Chow, Huang, Li and Zhou introduced the study of Fokker-Planck equations for a free energy function defined on a finite graph. When $Nge 2$ is the number of vertices of the graph, they show that the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation is a system of $N$ nonlinear ordinary differential equations defined on a Riemannian manifold of probability distributions. The different choices for inner products on the space of probability distributions result in different Fokker-Planck equations for the same process. Each of these Fokker-Planck equations has a unique global equilibrium, which is a Gibbs distribution. In this paper we study the {em speed of convergence} towards global equilibrium for the solution of these Fokker-Planck equations on a graph, and prove that the convergence is indeed exponential. The rate as measured by the decay of the $L_2$ norm can be bound in terms of the spectral gap of the Laplacian of the graph, and as measured by the decay of (relative) entropy be bound using the modified logarithmic Sobolev constant of the graph. With the convergence result, we also prove two Talagrand-type inequalities relating relative entropy and Wasserstein metric, based on two different metrics introduced in [CHLZ] The first one is a local inequality, while the second is a global inequality with respect to the lower bound metric from [CHLZ].
We consider the SIR model and study the first time the number of infected individuals begins to decrease and the first time this population is below a given threshold. We interpret these times as functions of the initial susceptible and infected populations and characterize them as solutions of a certain partial differential equation. This allows us to obtain integral representations of these times and in turn to estimate them precisely for large populations.
We investigate the long term behavior in terms of global attractors, as time goes to infinity, of solutions to a continuum model for biological aggregations in which individuals experience long-range social attraction and short range dispersal. We consider the aggregation equation with both degenerate and non-degenerate diffusion in a bounded domain subject to various boundary conditions. In the degenerate case, we prove the existence of the global attractor and derive some optimal regularity results. Furthermore, in the non-degenerate case we give a complete structural characterization of the global attractor, and also discuss the convergence of any bounded solutions to steady states. Finally, the existence of an exponential attractor is also demonstrated for sufficiently smooth kernels in the case of non-degenerate diffusion.