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Register a new userResponse to: Limitations of the Method of Lagrangian Descriptors [arXiv:1510.04838]
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This Response is concerned with the recent Comment of Ruiz-Herrera, Limitations of the Method of Lagrangian Descriptors [arXiv:1510.04838], criticising the method of Lagrangian Descriptors. In spite of the significant body of literature asserting the contrary, Ruiz-Herrera claims that the method fails to reveal the presence of stable and unstable manifolds of hyperbolic trajectories in incompressible systems and in almost all linear systems. He supports this claim by considering the method of Lagrangian descriptors applied to three specific examples. However in this response we show that Ruiz-Herrera does not understand the proper application and interpretation of the method and, when correctly applied, the method beautifully and unambiguously detects the stable and unstable manifolds of the hyperbolic trajectories in his examples.
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Complementary to existing applications of Lagrangian descriptors as an exploratory method, we use Lagrangian descriptors to find invariant manifolds in a system where some invariant structures have already been identified. In this case we use the parametrisation of a periodic orbit to construct a Lagrangian descriptor that will be locally minimised on its invariant manifolds. The procedure is applicable (but not limited) to systems with highly unstable periodic orbits, such as the isokinetic Chesnavich CH4+ model subject to a Hamiltonian isokinetic theromostat. Aside from its low computational requirements, the method enables us to study the invariant structures responsible for roaming in the isokinetic Chesnavich CH4+ model.
A novel semi-Lagrangian method is introduced to solve numerically the Euler equation for ideal incompressible flow in arbitrary space dimension. It exploits the time-analyticity of fluid particle trajectories and requires, in principle, only limited spatial smoothness of the initial data. Efficient generation of high-order time-Taylor coefficients is made possible by a recurrence relation that follows from the Cauchy invariants formulation of the Euler equation (Zheligovsky & Frisch, J. Fluid Mech. 2014, 749, 404-430). Truncated time-Taylor series of very high order allow the use of time steps vastly exceeding the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy limit, without compromising the accuracy of the solution. Tests performed on the two-dimensional Euler equation indicate that the Cauchy-Lagrangian method is more - and occasionally much more - efficient and less prone to instability than Eulerian Runge-Kutta methods, and less prone to rapid growth of rounding errors than the high-order Eulerian time-Taylor algorithm. We also develop tools of analysis adapted to the Cauchy-Lagrangian method, such as the monitoring of the radius of convergence of the time-Taylor series. Certain other fluid equations can be handled similarly.
Phase space structures such as dividing surfaces, normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds, their stable and unstable manifolds have been an integral part of computing quantitative results such as transition fraction, stability erosion in multi-stable mechanical systems, and reaction rates in chemical reaction dynamics. Thus, methods that can reveal their geometry in high dimensional phase space (4 or more dimensions) need to be benchmarked by comparing with known results. In this study, we assess the capability of one such method called Lagrangian descriptor for revealing the types of high dimensional phase space structures associated with index-1 saddle in Hamiltonian systems. The Lagrangian descriptor based approach is applied to two and three degree-of-freedom quadratic Hamiltonian systems where the high dimensional phase space structures are known, that is as closed-form analytical expressions. This leads to a direct comparison of features in the Lagrangian descriptor plots and the phase space structures intersection with an isoenergetic two-dimensional surface and hence provides a validation of the approach.
Even the most simplified models of falling and gliding bodies exhibit rich nonlinear dynamical behavior. Taking a global view of the dynamics of one such model, we find an attracting invariant manifold that acts as the dominant organizing feature of trajectories in velocity space. This attracting manifold captures the final, slowly changing phase of every passive descent, providing a higher-dimensional analogue to the concept of terminal velocity, the terminal velocity manifold. Within the terminal velocity manifold in extended phase space, there is an equilibrium submanifold with equilibria of alternating stability type, with different stability basins. In this work, we present theoretical and numerical methods for approximating the terminal velocity manifold and discuss ways to approximate falling and gliding motion in terms of these underlying phase space structures.
In the past decades, boreal summers have been characterized by an increasing number of extreme weather events in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, including persistent heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall events with significant social, economic and environmental impacts. Many of these events have been associated with the presence of anomalous large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, in particular persistent blocking situations, i.e., nearly stationary spatial patterns of air pressure. To contribute to a better understanding of the emergence and dynamical properties of such situations, we construct complex networks representing the atmospheric circulation based on Lagrangian trajectory data of passive tracers advected within the atmospheric flow. For these Lagrangian flow networks, we study the spatial patterns of selected node properties prior to, during and after different atmospheric blocking events in Northern Hemisphere summer. We highlight the specific network characteristics associated with the sequence of strong blocking episodes over Europe during summer 2010 as an illustrative example. Our results demonstrate the ability of the node degree, entropy and harmonic closeness centrality based on outgoing links to trace important spatio-temporal characteristics of atmospheric blocking events. In particular, all three measures capture the effective separation of the stationary pressure cell forming the blocking high from the normal westerly flow and the deviation of the main atmospheric currents around it. Our results suggest the utility of further exploiting the Lagrangian flow network approach to atmospheric circulation in future targeted diagnostic and prognostic studies.
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