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Register a new userIceCube-Gen2: A Vision for the Future of Neutrino Astronomy in Antarctica
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The recent observation by the IceCube neutrino observatory of an astrophysical flux of neutrinos represents the first light in the nascent field of neutrino astronomy. The observed diffuse neutrino flux seems to suggest a much larger level of hadronic activity in the non-thermal universe than previously thought and suggests a rich discovery potential for a larger neutrino observatory. This document presents a vision for an substantial expansion of the current IceCube detector, IceCube-Gen2, including the aim of instrumenting a $10,mathrm{km}^3$ volume of clear glacial ice at the South Pole to deliver substantial increases in the astrophysical neutrino sample for all flavors. A detector of this size would have a rich physics program with the goal to resolve the sources of these astrophysical neutrinos, discover GZK neutrinos, and be a leading observatory in future multi-messenger astronomy programs.
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The IceCube Neutrino Observatory opened the window on neutrino astronomy by discovering high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in 2013 and identifying the first compelling astrophysical neutrino source, the blazar TXS0506+056, in 2017. In this talk, we will discuss the science reach and ongoing development of the IceCube-Gen2 facility---a planned extension to IceCube. IceCube-Gen2 will increase the rate of observed cosmic neutrinos by an order of magnitude, be able to detect five-times fainter neutrino sources, and extend the measurement of astrophysical neutrinos several orders of magnitude higher in energy. We will discuss the envisioned design of the instrument, which will include an enlarged in-ice optical array, a surface array for the study of cosmic-rays, and a shallow radio array to detect ultra-high energy (>100 PeV) neutrinos. we will also highlight ongoing efforts to develop and test new instrumentation for IceCube-Gen2.
IceCube-Gen2, the extension of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, will feature three main components: an optical array in the deep ice, a large-scale radio array in the shallow ice and firn, and a surface detector above the optical array. Thus, IceCube-Gen2 will not only be an excellent detector for PeV neutrinos, but also constitutes a unique setup for the measurement of cosmic-ray air showers, where the electromagnetic component and low-energy muons are measured at the surface and high-energy muons are measured in the ice. As for ongoing enhancement of IceCubes current surface array, IceTop, we foresee a combination of elevated scintillation and radio detectors for the Gen2 surface array, aiming at high measurement accuracy for air showers. The science goals are manifold: The in-situ measurement of the cosmic-ray flux and mass composition, as well as more thorough tests of hadronic interaction models, will improve the understanding of muons and atmospheric neutrinos detected in the ice, in particular, regarding prompt muons. Moreover, the surface array provides a cosmic-ray veto for the in-ice detector and contributes to the calibration of the optical and radio arrays. Last but not least, the surface array will make major contributions to cosmic-ray science in the energy range of the transition from Galactic to extragalactic sources. The increased sensitivities for photons and for cosmic-ray anisotropies at multi-PeV energies provide a chance to solve the puzzle of the origin of the most energetic Galactic cosmic rays and will serve IceCubes multimessenger mission.
Multi-messenger astrophysics will enable the discovery of new astrophysical neutrino sources and provide information about the mechanisms that drive these objects. We present a curated online catalog of astrophysical neutrino candidates. Whenever single high energy neutrino events, that are publicly available, get published multiple times from various analyses, the catalog records all these changes and highlights the best information. All studies by IceCube that produce astrophysical candidates will be included in our catalog. All information produced by these searches such as time, type, direction, neutrino energy and signalness will be contained in the catalog. The multi-messenger astrophysical community will be able to select neutrinos with certain characteristics, e.g. within a declination range, visualize data for the selected neutrinos, and finally download data in their preferred form to conduct further studies.
IceCube-Gen2 is a planned extension of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. The extension is optimized to search for sources of astrophysical neutrinos from TeV to EeV, and will improve the sensitivity of the observatory to neutrino point sources by a factor of five. The science case of IceCube-Gen2 is built on a successful decade of observations with IceCube. This index of contributions to the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference in Berlin, Germany (12-23 July 2021) describes research and development efforts for IceCube-Gen2. Included are performance studies of next-generation optical sensors that will detect Cherenkov radiation from TeV-PeV cosmic rays and neutrinos; optimizations of the geometries of the surface and in-ice optical arrays; and estimates of the sensitivity of the proposed IceCube-Gen2 radio array to Askaryan emission from PeV-EeV neutrinos. Contributions related to the existing instrument, IceCube, are available in a separate collection.
The past decade has welcomed the emergence of cosmic neutrinos as a new messenger to explore the most extreme environments of the universe. The discovery measurement of cosmic neutrinos, announced by IceCube in 2013, has opened a new window of observation that has already resulted in new fundamental information that holds the potential to answer key questions associated with the high-energy universe, including: what are the sources in the PeV sky and how do they drive particle acceleration; where are cosmic rays of extreme energies produced, and on which paths do they propagate through the universe; and are there signatures of new physics at TeV-PeV energies and above? The planned advancements in neutrino telescope arrays in the next decade, in conjunction with continued progress in broad multimessenger astrophysics, promise to elevate the cosmic neutrino field from the discovery to the precision era and to a survey of the sources in the neutrino sky. The planned detector upgrades to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, culminating in IceCube-Gen2 (an envisaged $400M facility with anticipated operation in the next decade, described in this white paper) are the cornerstone that will drive the evolution of neutrino astrophysics measurements.
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