No Arabic abstract
The MEG inverse problem refers to the reconstruction of the neural activity of the brain from magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements. We propose a two-way regularization (TWR) method to solve the MEG inverse problem under the assumptions that only a small number of locations in space are responsible for the measured signals (focality), and each source time course is smooth in time (smoothness). The focality and smoothness of the reconstructed signals are ensured respectively by imposing a sparsity-inducing penalty and a roughness penalty in the data fitting criterion. A two-stage algorithm is developed for fast computation, where a raw estimate of the source time course is obtained in the first stage and then refined in the second stage by the two-way regularization. The proposed method is shown to be effective on both synthetic and real-world examples.
This paper presents a regularized regression model with a two-level structural sparsity penalty applied to locate individual atoms in a noisy scanning transmission electron microscopy image (STEM). In crystals, the locations of atoms is symmetric, condensed into a few lattice groups. Therefore, by identifying the underlying lattice in a given image, individual atoms can be accurately located. We propose to formulate the identification of the lattice groups as a sparse group selection problem. Furthermore, real atomic scale images contain defects and vacancies, so atomic identification based solely on a lattice group may result in false positives and false negatives. To minimize error, model includes an individual sparsity regularization in addition to the group sparsity for a within-group selection, which results in a regression model with a two-level sparsity regularization. We propose a modification of the group orthogonal matching pursuit (gOMP) algorithm with a thresholding step to solve the atom finding problem. The convergence and statistical analyses of the proposed algorithm are presented. The proposed algorithm is also evaluated through numerical experiments with simulated images. The applicability of the algorithm on determination of atom structures and identification of imaging distortions and atomic defects was demonstrated using three real STEM images. We believe this is an important step toward automatic phase identification and assignment with the advent of genomic databases for materials.
This paper introduces a novel method to diagnose the source-target attention in state-of-the-art end-to-end speech recognition models with joint connectionist temporal classification (CTC) and attention training. Our method is based on the fact that both, CTC and source-target attention, are acting on the same encoder representations. To understand the functionality of the attention, CTC is applied to compute the token posteriors given the attention outputs. We found that the source-target attention heads are able to predict several tokens ahead of the current one. Inspired by the observation, a new regularization method is proposed which leverages CTC to make source-target attention more focused on the frames corresponding to the output token being predicted by the decoder. Experiments reveal stable improvements up to 7% and 13% relatively with the proposed regularization on TED-LIUM 2 and LibriSpeech.
We present a deep learning solution to the problem of localization of magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain signals. The proposed deep model architectures are tuned for single and multiple time point MEG data, and can estimate varying numbers of dipole sources. Results from simulated MEG data on the cortical surface of a real human subject demonstrated improvements against the popular RAP-MUSIC localization algorithm in specific scenarios with varying SNR levels, inter-source correlation values, and number of sources. Importantly, the deep learning models had robust performance to forward model errors and a significant reduction in computation time, to a fraction of 1 ms, paving the way to real-time MEG source localization.
We consider an inverse source problem in the stationary radiating transport through a two dimensional absorbing and scattering medium. Of specific interest, the exiting radiation is measured on an arc. The attenuation and scattering properties of the medium are assumed known. For scattering kernels of finite Fourier content in the angular variable, we show how to quantitatively recover the part of the isotropic sources restricted to the convex hull of the measurement arc. The approach is based on the Cauchy problem with partial data for a Beltrami-like equation associated with $A$-analytic maps in the sense of Bukhgeim, and extends authors previous work to this specific partial data case. The robustness of the method is demonstrated by the results of several numerical experiments.
An automatic target monitoring method based on photographs taken by a CMOS photo-camera has been developed for the MEG II detector. The technique could be adapted for other fixed-target experiments requiring good knowledge of their target position to avoid biases and systematic errors in measuring the trajectories of the outcoming particles. A CMOS-based, high resolution, high radiation tolerant and high magnetic field resistant photo-camera was mounted inside the MEG II detector at the Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland). MEG II is used to search for lepton flavour violation in muon decays. The photogrammetric methods challenges, affecting measurements of low momentum particles tracks, are high magnetic field of the spectrometer, high radiation levels, tight space constraints, and the need to limit the material budget in the tracking volume. The camera is focused on dot pattern drawn on the thin MEG II target, about 1 m away from the detector endcaps where the photo-camera is placed. Target movements and deformations are monitored by comparing images of the dots taken at various times during the measurement. The images are acquired with a Raspberry board and analyzed using a custom software. Global alignment to the spectrometer is guaranteed by corner cubes placed on the target support. As a result, the target monitoring fulfils the needs of the experiment.