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Register a new userRoundness properties of ultrametric spaces
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We obtain several new characterizations of ultrametric spaces in terms of roundness, generalized roundness, strict p-negative type, and p-polygonal equalities (p > 0). This allows new insight into the isometric embedding of ultrametric spaces into Euclidean spaces. We also consider roundness properties additive metric spaces which are not ultrametric.
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Motivated by the local theory of Banach spaces we introduce a notion of finite representability for metric spaces. This allows us to develop a new technique for comparing the generalized roundness of metric spaces. We illustrate this technique in two different ways by applying it to Banach spaces and metric trees. In the realm of Banach spaces we obtain results such as the following: (1) if $mathcal{U}$ is any ultrafilter and $X$ is any Banach space, then the second dual $X^{astast}$ and the ultrapower $(X)_{mathcal{U}}$ have the same generalized roundness as $X$, and (2) no Banach space of positive generalized roundness is uniformly homeomorphic to $c_{0}$ or $ell_{p}$, $2 < p < infty$. Our technique also leads to the identification of new classes of metric trees of generalized roundness one. In particular, we give the first examples of metric trees of generalized roundness one that have finite diameter. These results on metric trees provide a natural sequel to a paper of Caffarelli, Doust and Weston. In addition, we show that metric trees of generalized roundness one possess special Euclidean embedding properties that distinguish them from all other metric trees.
Enflo constructed a countable metric space that may not be uniformly embedded into any metric space of positive generalized roundness. Dranishnikov, Gong, Lafforgue and Yu modified Enflos example to construct a locally finite metric space that may not be coarsely embedded into any Hilbert space. In this paper we meld these two examples into one simpler construction. The outcome is a locally finite metric space $(mathfrak{Z}, zeta)$ which is strongly non embeddable in the sense that it may not be embedded uniformly or coarsely into any metric space of non zero generalized roundness. Moreover, we show that both types of embedding may be obstructed by a common recursive principle. It follows from our construction that any metric space which is Lipschitz universal for all locally finite metric spaces may not be embedded uniformly or coarsely into any metric space of non zero generalized roundness. Our construction is then adapted to show that the group $mathbb{Z}_omega=bigoplus_{aleph_0}mathbb{Z}$ admits a Cayley graph which may not be coarsely embedded into any metric space of non zero generalized roundness. Finally, for each $p geq 0$ and each locally finite metric space $(Z,d)$, we prove the existence of a Lipschitz injection $f : Z to ell_{p}$.
We define a locally convex space $E$ to have the $Josefson$-$Nissenzweig$ $property$ (JNP) if the identity map $(E,sigma(E,E))to ( E,beta^ast(E,E))$ is not sequentially continuous. By the classical Josefson--Nissenzweig theorem, every infinite-dimensional Banach space has the JNP. We show that for a Tychonoff space $X$, the function space $C_p(X)$ has the JNP iff there is a weak$^ast$ null-sequence ${mu_n}_{ninomega}$ of finitely supported sign-measures on $X$ with unit norm. However, for every Tychonoff space $X$, neither the space $B_1(X)$ of Baire-1 functions on $X$ nor the free locally convex space $L(X)$ over $X$ has the JNP. We also define two modifications of the JNP, called the $universal$ $JNP$ and the $JNP$ $everywhere$ (briefly, the uJNP and eJNP), and thoroughly study them in the classes of locally convex spaces, Banach spaces and function spaces. We provide a characterization of the JNP in terms of operators into locally convex spaces with the uJNP or eJNP and give numerous examples clarifying relationships between the considered notions.
Every finite metric tree has generalized roundness strictly greater than one. On the other hand, some countable metric trees have generalized roundness precisely one. The purpose of this paper is to identify some large classes of countable metric trees that have generalized roundness precisely one. At the outset we consider spherically symmetric trees endowed with the usual combinatorial metric (SSTs). Using a simple geometric argument we show how to determine decent upper bounds on the generalized roundness of finite SSTs that depend only on the downward degree sequence of the tree in question. By considering limits it follows that if the downward degree sequence $(d_{0}, d_{1}, d_{2}...)$ of a SST $(T,rho)$ satisfies $|{j , | , d_{j} > 1 }| = aleph_{0}$, then $(T,rho)$ has generalized roundness one. Included among the trees that satisfy this condition are all complete $n$-ary trees of depth $infty$ ($n geq 2$), all $k$-regular trees ($k geq 3$) and inductive limits of Cantor trees. The remainder of the paper deals with two classes of countable metric trees of generalized roundness one whose members are not, in general, spherically symmetric. The first such class of trees are merely required to spread out at a sufficient rate (with a restriction on the number of leaves) and the second such class of trees resemble infinite combs.
Let $L$ be a fixed branch -- that is, an irreducible germ of curve -- on a normal surface singularity $X$. If $A,B$ are two other branches, define $u_L(A,B) := dfrac{(L cdot A) : (L cdot B)}{A cdot B}$, where $A cdot B$ denotes the intersection number of $A$ and $B$. Call $X$ arborescent if all the dual graphs of its resolutions are trees. In a previous paper, the first three authors extended a 1985 theorem of P{l}oski by proving that whenever $X$ is arborescent, the function $u_L$ is an ultrametric on the set of branches on $X$ different from $L$. In the present paper we prove that, conversely, if $u_L$ is an ultrametric, then $X$ is arborescent. We also show that for any normal surface singularity, one may find arbitrarily large sets of branches on $X$, characterized uniquely in terms of the topology of the resolutions of their sum, in restriction to which $u_L$ is still an ultrametric. Moreover, we describe the associated tree in terms of the dual graphs of such resolutions. Then we extend our setting by allowing $L$ to be an arbitrary semivaluation on $X$ and by defining $u_L$ on a suitable space of semivaluations. We prove that any such function is again an ultrametric if and only if $X$ is arborescent, and without any restriction on $X$ we exhibit special subspaces of the space of semivaluations in restriction to which $u_L$ is still an ultrametric.
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