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Register a new userObjects Moving along Closed Timelike Curves belong to Proper Classes
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Authors
Zhongzhu Liu
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According to the set theory, we prove that objects moving along closed timelike curves (CTCs) should belong to proper classes, but never to any set. Particles in a set have to change own some properties when they come into a CVC in order to become the objects in a proper class.
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Closed timelike curves are among the most controversial features of modern physics. As legitimate solutions to Einsteins field equations, they allow for time travel, which instinctively seems paradoxical. However, in the quantum regime these paradoxes can be resolved leaving closed timelike curves consistent with relativity. The study of these systems therefore provides valuable insight into non-linearities and the emergence of causal structures in quantum mechanics-essential for any formulation of a quantum theory of gravity. Here we experimentally simulate the non-linear behaviour of a qubit interacting unitarily with an older version of itself, addressing some of the fascinating effects that arise in systems traversing a closed timelike curve. These include perfect discrimination of non-orthogonal states and, most intriguingly, the ability to distinguish nominally equivalent ways of preparing pure quantum states. Finally, we examine the dependence of these effects on the initial qubit state, the form of the unitary interaction, and the influence of decoherence.
We show that qubits traveling along closed timelike curves are a resource that a party can exploit to distinguish perfectly any set of quantum states. As a result, an adversary with access to closed timelike curves can break any prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution protocol. Our result also implies that a party with access to closed timelike curves can violate the Holevo bound.
Recently, the quantum information processing power of closed timelike curves have been discussed. Because the most widely accepted model for quantum closed timelike curve interactions contains ambiguities, different authors have been able to reach radically different conclusions as to the power of such interactions. By tracing the information flow through such systems we are able to derive equivalent circuits with unique solutions, thus allowing an objective decision between the alternatives to be made. We conclude that closed timelike curves, if they exist and are well described by these simple models, would be a powerful resource for quantum information processing.
In general relativity, closed timelike curves can break causality with remarkable and unsettling consequences. At the classical level, they induce causal paradoxes disturbing enough to motivate conjectures that explicitly prevent their existence. At the quantum level, resolving such paradoxes induce radical benefits - from cloning unknown quantum states to solving problems intractable to quantum computers. Instinctively, one expects these benefits to vanish if causality is respected. Here we show that in harnessing entanglement, we can efficiently solve NP-complete problems and clone arbitrary quantum states - even when all time-travelling systems are completely isolated from the past. Thus, the many defining benefits of closed timelike curves can still be harnessed, even when causality is preserved. Our results unveil the subtle interplay between entanglement and general relativity, and significantly improve the potential of probing the radical effects that may exist at the interface between relativity and quantum theory.
In this article, we explore the relationship between the existence of closed timelike curves and energy conditions that occur in the Kerr-Newman spacetime. To quantify the dependence, we define a correlation index between energy conditions and closed timelike curves. Based on the inputs from Hawkings chronology protection conjecture, we analyze two popular variants of Kerr-Newman spacetime: Non-commutative and Rastall Kerr-Newman spacetimes. These two models provide complementary scenarios that aid in analyzing Hawkings statements regarding the correlation of closed timelike curves and energy conditions from a local and a global perspective. We report the results outlining the possible role played by violations of energy conditions in eliminating the closed timelike curves in two contrasting situations, namely in spacetimes with and without curvature singularities.
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