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Register a new userA transmission electron microscopy study of presolar hibonite
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We report isotopic and microstructural data on five presolar hibonite grains identified in an acid residue of the Krymka LL3.1 ordinary chondrite. Isotopic measurements by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) verified a presolar circumstellar origin for the grains. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of the crystal structure and chemistry of the grains was enabled by in situ sectioning and lift-out with a focused-ion-beam scanning-electron microscope. Comparisons of isotopic compositions with models indicate that four of the five grains formed in low-mass stars that evolved through the red-giant/asymptotic-giant branches, whereas one grain formed in the ejecta of a Type II supernova. Selected-area electron-diffraction patterns show that all grains are single crystals of hibonite. Some grains contain stacking faults and small spreads in orientation that can be attributed to a combination of growth defects and mechanical processing by grain-grain collisions. The similar structure of the supernova grain to those from RGB/AGB stars indicates a similarity in the formation conditions. Radiation damage, if present, occurs below our detection limit. Of the five grains we studied, only one has the pure hibonite composition of CaAl12O19. All others contain minor amounts of Mg, Si, Ti, and Fe. The microstructural data are generally consistent with theoretical predictions, which constrain the circumstellar condensation temperature to a range of 1480 K to 1743 K, assuming a corresponding total gas pressure between 1 x 10-3 and 1 x 10-6 atm. The TEM data were used to develop a calibration for SIMS determination of Ti contents in oxide grains. Grains with extreme 18O depletions, indicating deep mixing has occurred in their parent AGB stars, are slightly Ti-enriched compared to grains from stars without deep mixing, most likely reflecting differences in grain condensation conditions.
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Alnico is a prime example of a finely tuned nanostructure whose magnetic properties are intimately connected to magnetic annealing (MA) during spinodal transformation and subsequent lower temperature annealing (draw) cycles. Using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, we show how these critical processing steps affect the local composition and nanostructure evolution with impact on magnetic properties. The nearly 2-fold increase of intrinsic coercivity ($H_text{ci}$) during the draw cycle is not adequately explained by chemical refinement of the spinodal phases. Instead, increased Fe-Co phase ($alpha_1$) isolation, development of Cu-rich spheres/rods/blades and additional $alpha_1$ rod precipitation that occurs during the MA and draw, likely play a key role in $H_text{ci}$ enhancement. Chemical ordering of the Al-Ni-phase ($alpha_2$) and formation of Ni-rich ($alpha_3$) may also contribute. Unraveling of the subtle effect of these nano-scaled features is crucial to understanding on how to improve shape anisotropy in alnico magnets.
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It has been implicitly assumed that ices on grains in molecular clouds and proto planetary disks are formed by homogeneous layers regardless of their composition or crystallinity. To verify this assumption, we observed the H2O deposition onto refractory substrates and the crystallization of amorphous ices (H2O, CO2, and CO) using an ultra-high-vacuum transmission electron microscope. In the H2O-deposition experiments, we found that three-dimensional islands of crystalline ice (Ic) were formed at temperatures above 130 K. The crystallization experiments showed that uniform thin films of amorphous CO and H2O became three-dimensional islands of polyhedral crystals; amorphous CO2, on the other hand, became a thin film of nano crystalline CO2 covering the amorphous H2O. Our observations show that crystal morphologies strongly depend not only on the ice composition, but also on the substrate. Using experimental data concerning the crystallinity of deposited ices and the crystallization timescale of amorphous ices, we illustrated the criteria for ice crystallinity in space and outlined the macroscopic morphology of icy grains in molecular clouds as follows: amorphous H2O covered the refractory grain uniformly, CO2 nano-crystals were embedded in the amorphous H2O, and a polyhedral CO crystal was attached to the amorphous H2O. Furthermore, a change in the grain morphology in a proto-planetary disk is shown. These results have important implications for the chemical evolution of molecules, non-thermal desorption, collision of icy grains, and sintering.
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