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We have studied the afterpulse of a hemispherical photomultiplier tube for an upcoming reactor neutrino experiment. The timing, the amplitude, and the rate of the afterpulse for a 10 inch photomultiplier tube were measured with a 400 MHz FADC up to 16 ms time window after the initial signal generated by an LED light pulse. The time and amplitude correlation of the afterpulse shows several distinctive groups. We describe the dependencies of the afterpulse on the applied high voltage and the amplitude of the main light pulse. The present data could shed light upon the general mechanism of the afterpulse.
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In this study, we evaluate and compare the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of multipixel photon counters (MPPCs, also known as silicon photomultiphers - SiPMs) with that of a typical photomultiplier tube (PMT) when testing using CsI(Tl) scintillators. We use the charge comparison method, whereby we discriminate different types of particles by the ratio of charges integrated within two time-gates (the delayed part and the entire digitized waveform). For a satisfactory PSD performance, a setup should generate many photoelectrons (p.e.) and collect their charges efficiently. The PMT setup generates more p.e. than the MPPC setup does. With the same digitizer and the same long time-gate (the entire digitized waveform), the PMT setup is also better in charge collection. Therefore, the PMT setup demonstrates better PSD performance. We subsequently test the MPPC setup using a new data acquisition (DAQ) system. Using this new DAQ, the long time-gate is extended by nearly four times the length when using the previous digitizer. With this longer time-gate, we collect more p.e. at the tail part of the pulse and almost all the charges of the total collected p.e. Thus, the PSD performance of the MPPC setup is improved significantly. This study also provides an estimation of the short time-gate (the delayed part of the digitized waveform) that can give a satisfactory PSD performance without an extensive analysis to optimize this gate.
The spatial dependence of the timing performance of the R3809U-50 Micro-Channel-Plate PMT (MCP-PMT) by Hamamatsu was studied in high energy muon beams. Particle position information is provided by a GEM tracker telescope, while timing is measured relative to a second MCP-PMT, identical in construction. In the inner part of the circular active area (radius r$<$5.5,mm) the time resolution of the two MCP-PMTs combined is better than 10~ps. The signal amplitude decreases in the outer region due to less light reaching the photocathode, resulting in a worse time resolution. The observed radial dependence is in quantitative agreement with a dedicated simulation. With this characterization, the suitability of MCP-PMTs as $text{t}_text{0}$ reference detectors has been validated.
Future large water Cherenkov and scintillator detectors have been proposed for measurements of long baseline neutrino oscillations, proton decay, supernova and solar neutrinos. To ensure cost-effectiveness and optimize scientific reach, one of the critical requirements for such detectors are large-area, high performance photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). One candidate for such a device is the Hamamatsu R11780, a 12 PMT that is available in both standard and high quantum efficien
This work illustrates and compares some methods to measure the most relevant parameters of silicon photo-multipliers (sipm{}s), such as photon detection efficiency as a function of over-voltage and wavelength, dark count rate, optical cross-talk, afterpulse probability. For the measurement of the breakdown voltage, $V_{BD}$, several methods using the current-voltage $IV$ curve are compared, such as the IV Model, the relative logarithmic derivative, the inverse logarithmic derivative, the second logarithmic derivative, and the third derivative models. We also show how some of these characteristics can be quite well described by few parameters and allow, for example, to build a function of the wavelength and over-voltage describing the photodetection efficiency. This is fundamental to determine the working point of SiPMs in applications where external factors can affect it. These methods are applied to the large area monolithic hexagonal SiPM S10943-2832(X), developed in collaboration with Hamamatsu and adopted for a camera for a gamma-ray telescope, called the SST-1M. We describe the measurements of the performance at room temperature of this device. The methods used here can be applied to any other device and the physics background discussed here are quite general and valid for a large phase-space of the parameters.
The aim of this paper is to fully characterize the new multi-anode photomultiplier tube R11265-103-M64, produced by Hamamatsu. Its high effective active area (77%), its pixel size, the low dark signal rate and the capability to detect single photon signals make this tube suitable for an application in high energy physics, such as for RICH detectors. Four tubes and two different bias voltage dividers have been tested. The results of a standard characterization of the gain and the anode uniformity, the dark signal rate, the cross-talk and the device behaviour as a function of temperature have been studied. The behaviour of the tube is studied in a longitudinal magnetic field up to 100 Gauss. Shields made of a high permeability material are also investigated. The deterioration of the device performance due to long time operation at intense light exposure is studied. A quantitative analysis of the variation of the gain and the dark signals rate due to the aging is described.
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