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Register a new userCharacterization of the Hamamatsu R11780 12 inch Photomultiplier Tube
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Future large water Cherenkov and scintillator detectors have been proposed for measurements of long baseline neutrino oscillations, proton decay, supernova and solar neutrinos. To ensure cost-effectiveness and optimize scientific reach, one of the critical requirements for such detectors are large-area, high performance photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). One candidate for such a device is the Hamamatsu R11780, a 12 PMT that is available in both standard and high quantum efficien
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The aim of this paper is to fully characterize the new multi-anode photomultiplier tube R11265-103-M64, produced by Hamamatsu. Its high effective active area (77%), its pixel size, the low dark signal rate and the capability to detect single photon signals make this tube suitable for an application in high energy physics, such as for RICH detectors. Four tubes and two different bias voltage dividers have been tested. The results of a standard characterization of the gain and the anode uniformity, the dark signal rate, the cross-talk and the device behaviour as a function of temperature have been studied. The behaviour of the tube is studied in a longitudinal magnetic field up to 100 Gauss. Shields made of a high permeability material are also investigated. The deterioration of the device performance due to long time operation at intense light exposure is studied. A quantitative analysis of the variation of the gain and the dark signals rate due to the aging is described.
A new hybrid experiment has been constructed to measure the chemical composition of cosmic rays around the knee in the wide energy range by the Tibet AS$gamma$ collaboration at Tibet, China, since 2014. They consist of a high-energy air-shower-core array (YAC-II), a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III) and a large underground water-Cherenkov muon-detector array (MD). In order to obtain the primary proton, helium and iron spectra and their knee positions in the energy range lower than $10^{16}$ eV, each of PMTs equipped to the MD cell is required to measure the number of photons capable of covering a wide dynamic range of 100 - $10^{6}$ photoelectrons (PEs) according to Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper, we firstly compare the characteristic features between R5912-PMT made by Japan Hamamatsu and CR365-PMT made by Beijing Hamamatsu. This is the first comparison between R5912-PMT and CR365-PMT. If there exists no serious difference, we will then add two 8-inch-in-diameter PMTs to meet our requirements in each MD cell, which are responsible for the range of 100 - 10000 PEs and 2000 - 1000000 PEs, respectively. That is, MD cell is expected to be able to measure the number of muons over 6 orders of magnitude.
Ultra-high-energy ($>$ 100 TeV) gamma-ray detection benefits from the muon detectors (MDs) due to the powerful capability to suppress the cosmic-ray background. More than 1100 8-inch photomultiplier tubes, CR365-02-2 from Beijing Hamamatsu Photon Techniques INC. (BHP), are deployed for the LHAASO-MD experiment. In this paper, the design of the photomultiplier base with a high dynamic range is presented. Signals are extracted from two outputs: the anode and the 7-th dynode. The design ensures a good single photoelectron resolution (peak-to-valley ratio $>$ 2) and a high dynamic range (equivalent anode peak current up to 1600 mA). The anode-to-dynode amplitude ratio is below 160 to ensure enough overlaps between the two outputs.
We present a detailed characterisation of the new Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD 3-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT) which is under consideration for the use in segmented optical modules of deep-ice neutrino detectors at the South Pole. Because of the significantly lower operation-temperature range compared to standard applications, a focus of our studies lies on the investigation of the temperature dependence of background characteristics (dark count rate, probability of correlated pulses), timing properties, gain and peak-to-valley ratio of this PMT type. In addition, the performance of the `HA coating intended for background reduction was tested, as well as the influence of conductive objects near the photocathode like reflectors on the PMT noise rate. A low background rate is of particular importance as the deep ice at the South Pole features negligible optical background. We find that the new PMT type is well suited for the intended applications.
A light yield of 20.4 $pm$ 0.8 photoelectrons/keV was achieved with an undoped CsI crystal coupled directly to a photomultiplier tube at 77 Kelvin. This is by far the largest yield in the world achieved with CsI crystals. An energy threshold that is several times lower than the current dark matter experiments utilizing CsI(Tl) crystals may be achievable using this technique. Together with novel CsI crystal purification methods, the technique may be used to improve the sensitivities of dark matter and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments. Also measured were the scintillation light decay constants of the undoped CsI crystal at both room temperature and 77 Kelvin. The results are consistent with those in the literature.
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