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Stable quarks of the 4th family?

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 Publication date 2008
  fields Physics
and research's language is English




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Existence of metastable quarks of new generation can be embedded into phenomenology of heterotic string together with new long range interaction, which only this new generation possesses. We discuss primordial quark production in the early Universe, their successive cosmological evolution and astrophysical effects, as well as possible production in present or future accelerators. In case of a charge symmetry of 4th generation quarks in Universe, they can be stored in neutral mesons, doubly positively charged baryons, while all the doubly negatively charged baryons are combined with He-4 into neutral nucleus-size atom-like states. The existence of all these anomalous stable particles may escape present experimental limits, being close to present and future experimental test. Due to the nuclear binding with He-4 primordial lightest baryons of the 4th generation with charge +1 can also escape the experimental upper limits on anomalous isotopes of hydrogen, being compatible with upper limits on anomalous lithium. While 4th quark hadrons are rare, their presence may be nearly detectable in cosmic rays, muon and neutrino fluxes and cosmic electromagnetic spectra. In case of charge asymmetry, a nontrivial solution for the problem of dark matter (DM) can be provided by excessive (meta)stable anti-up quarks of 4th generation, bound with He-4 in specific nuclear-interacting form of dark matter. Such candidate to DM is surprisingly close to Warm Dark Matter by its role in large scale structure formation. It catalyzes primordial heavy element production in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and new types of nuclear transformations around us.



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The pair production of heavy fourth-generation quarks, which are predicted under the hypothesis of flavor democracy, is studied using tree-level Monte Carlo generators and fast detector simulation. Two heavy-quark mass values, 500 and 750$gev$, are considered with the assumption that the fourth family mixes primarily with the two light families. It is shown that a clear signature will be observed in the data collected by the ATLAS detector, after the first year of low-luminosity running at the Large Hadron Collider.
We investigate the possibility that the dark matter consists of clusters of the heavy family quarks and leptons with zero Yukawa couplings to the lower families. Such a family is predicted by the approach unifying spins and charges as the fifth family. We make a rough estimation of properties of baryons of this new family members and study possible limitations on the family properties due to the direct experimental and the cosmological evidences, studying the cosmological evolution of the fifth family clusters.
We investigate the possibility that the dark matter consists of clusters of the heavy family quarks and leptons with zero Yukawa couplings to the lower families. Such a family is predicted by the {it approach unifying spin and charges} as the fifth family. We make a rough estimation of properties of baryons of this new family members, of their behaviour during the evolution of the universe and when scattering on the ordinary matter and study possible limitations on the family properties due to the cosmological and direct experimental evidences.
We study the single production of the fourth family quarks through the process pp--> QjX at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We have calculated the decay widths and branching ratios of the fourth family quarks (b and t) in the mass range 300-800 GeV. The cross sections of signal and background processes have been calculated in a Monte Carlo framework. It is shown that the LHC can discover single t and b quarks if the CKM matrix elements |V_{tq}|,|V_{qb}|>=0.01.
We propose a first model of quarks based on the discrete family symmetry Delta (6N^2) in which the Cabibbo angle is correctly determined by a residual Z_2 times Z_2 subgroup, and the smaller quark mixing angles may be qualitatively understood from the model. The present model of quarks may be regarded as a first step towards formulating a complete model of quarks and leptons based on Delta (6N^2), in which the lepton mixing matrix is fully determined by a Klein subgroup. For example, the choice N=28 provides an accurate determination of both the reactor angle and the Cabibbo angle.
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