Helium bubbles nucleation and growth in metals or metal tritide is a long-standing problem attracting considerable attention in nuclear industry but the mechanism remains indistinct and predicting the growth rate of helium bubble is inexistence still up to new. Here, the rate of helium bubbles nucleation and growth in metal tritide is developed based on a dynamical model, which describes the diameter of helium bubbles increasing linearly as t**(1/3) in titanium tritide at room temperature, agreeing quite well with the experimental phenomenon. The way of reducing storage temperature from 300 to 225 K or increasing the helium atoms diffusion barrier from 0.81 to 1.1 eV can effectively restrain bubbles growth and prolong lifetime of titanium tritide more than 4 times, which provides a useful reference to relevant experiment exploration and applications. This model also can be used to predict lifetime of new tritium-storage materials and plasma facing materials in nuclear industry.
We prove the Conjecture of Catenese--Chen--Zhang: the inequality $K_X^3geq frac{4}{3}p_g(X)-frac{10}{3}$ holds for all projective Gorenstein minimal 3-folds $X$ of general type.
Nonsingular projective 3-folds $V$ of general type can be naturally classified into 18 families according to the {it pluricanonical section index} $delta(V):=text{min}{m|P_mgeq 2}$ since $1leq delta(V)leq 18$ due to our previous series (I, II). Based on our further classification to 3-folds with $delta(V)geq 13$ and an intensive geometrical investigation to those with $delta(V)leq 12$, we prove that $text{Vol}(V) geq frac{1}{1680}$ and that the pluricanonical map $Phi_{m}$ is birational for all $m geq 61$, which greatly improves known results. An optimal birationality of $Phi_m$ for the case $delta(V)=2$ is obtained. As an effective application, we study projective 4-folds of general type with $p_ggeq 2$ in the last section.
Let $V$ be a complex nonsingular projective 3-fold of general type. We shall give a detailed classification up to baskets of singularities on a minimal model of $V$. We show that the $m$-canonical map of $V$ is birational for all $mgeq 73$ and that the canonical volume $text{Vol}(V)geq {1/2660}$. When $chi(mathcal{O}_V)leq 1$, our result is $text{Vol}(V)geq {1/420}$, which is optimal. Other effective results are also included in the paper.
Let $V$ be a complex nonsingular projective 3-fold of general type. We prove $P_{12}(V):=text{dim} H^0(V, 12K_V)>0$ and $P_{m_0}(V)>1$ for some positive integer $m_0leq 24$. A direct consequence is the birationality of the pluricanonical map $varphi_m$ for all $mgeq 126$. Besides, the canonical volume $text{Vol}(V)$ has a universal lower bound $ u(3)geq frac{1}{63cdot 126^2}$.
We prove that the canonical volume $K^3geq {1/30}$ for all projective 3-folds of general type with $chi(mathcal{O})leq 0$. This bound is sharp.
Let $V$ be a complex nonsingular projective 3-fold of general type. We prove $P_{12}(V)>0$ and $P_{24}(V)>1$ (which answers an open problem of J. Kollar and S. Mori). We also prove that the canonical volume has an universal lower bound $text{Vol}(V) geq 1/2660$ and that the pluri-canonical map $Phi_m$ is birational onto its image for all $mgeq 77$. As an application of our method, we prove Fletchers conjecture on weighted hyper-surface 3-folds with terminal quotient singularities. Another featured result is the optimal lower bound $text{Vol}(V)geq {1/420}$ among all those 3-folds $V$ with $chi({mathcal O}_V)leq 1$.
Phase transition and critical properties of Ising-like spin-orbital interacting systems in 2-dimensional triangular lattice are investigated. We first show that the ground state of the system is a composite spin-orbital ferro-ordered phase. Though Landau effective field theory predicts the second-order phase transition of the composite spin-orbital order, however, the critical exponents obtained by the renormalization group approach demonstrate that the spin-orbital order-disorder transition is far from the second-order, rather, it is more close to the first-order, implying that the widely observed first-order transition in many transition-metal oxides may be intrinsic. The unusual critical behavior near the transition point is attributed to the fractionalization of the composite order parameter.
