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Using the observed time and spatial intervals defined originally by Einstein and the observation frame in the vierbein formalism, we propose that in curved spacetime, for a wave received in laboratories, the observed frequency is the changing rate of the phase of the wave relative to the local observable time scale and the momentum the changing rate of the phase relative to the local observable spatial length scale. The case of Robertson-Walker universe is especially considered.
Many-body systems with chiral fermions exhibit anomalous transport phenomena originated from quantum anomalies. Based on quantum field theory, we derive the kinetic theory for chiral fermions interacting with an external electromagnetic field and a b
We study a free scalar field $phi$ in a fixed curved background spacetime subject to a higher derivative field equation of the form $F(Box)phi =0$, where $F$ is a polynomial of the form $F(Box)= prod_i (Box-m_i^2)$ and all masses $m_i$ are distinct a
A manifestly covariant equation is derived to describe the second order perturbations in topological defects and membranes on arbitrary curved background spacetimes. This, on one hand, generalizes work on macroscopic strings in Minkowski spacetime an
The effect of vacuum polarization on the propagation of photons in curved spacetime is studied in scalar QED. A compact formula is given for the full frequency dependence of the refractive index for any background in terms of the Van Vleck-Morette ma
We study space-time symmetries in scalar quantum field theory (including interacting theories) on static space-times. We first consider Euclidean quantum field theory on a static Riemannian manifold, and show that the isometry group is generated by o