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An exact expression is derived for the meson production current off the nucleon for real and virtual photons which cleanly separates, in a model-independent manner, a tree-level expression that manifestly preserves local gauge invariance in terms of a generalized Ward-Takahashi identity from transverse final-state-interaction (FSI) terms. As discussed in some detail, this exact formulation is particularly well suited for implementing approximation schemes of exchange-current and FSI contributions (which in practice generally will be necessary) at any level of sophistication without violating local gauge invariance.
General expressions for the unpolarized differential cross section and for various polarization observables in the coherent pseudoscalar meson photo- and electroproduction on the deuteron target have been obtained in one-photon-exchange approximation
The $eta$-meson production in photon- and hadron-induced reactions, namely, $gamma p to p eta$, $pi^- p to n eta$, $pp to ppeta$, and $pn to pneta$, are investigated in a combined analysis in order to learn about the relevant production mechanisms an
We discuss the extended on-mass-shell scheme for manifestly Lorentz-invariant baryon chiral perturbation theory. We present a calculation of pion photo- and electroproduction up to and including order $q^4$. The low-energy constants have been fixed b
There are different operators of quark and gluon momenta, orbital angular momenta, and gluon spin in the nucleon structure study. The precise meaning of these operators are studied based on gauge invariance, Lorentz covariance and canonical quantizat
We determine the magnetic dipole moment of the rho meson using preliminary data from the BaBar Collaboration for the $e^+ e^- to pi^+ pi^- 2 pi^0$ process, in the center of mass energy range from 0.9 to 2.2 GeV. We describe the $gamma^* to 4pi$ verte