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تسجيل مستخدم جديدStar formation in the Brick: ALMA reveals an active proto-cluster in the Galactic centre cloud G0.253+0.016
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G0.253+0.016, aka the Brick, is one of the most massive (> 10^5 Msun) and dense (> 10^4 cm-3) molecular clouds in the Milky Ways Central Molecular Zone. Previous observations have detected tentative signs of active star formation, most notably a water maser that is associated with a dust continuum source. We present ALMA Band 6 observations with an angular resolution of 0.13 (1000 AU) towards this maser core, and report unambiguous evidence of active star formation within G0.253+0.016. We detect a population of eighteen continuum sources (median mass ~ 2 Msun), nine of which are driving bi-polar molecular outflows as seen via SiO (5-4) emission. At the location of the water maser, we find evidence for a protostellar binary/multiple with multi-directional outflow emission. Despite the high density of G0.253+0.016, we find no evidence for high-mass protostars in our ALMA field. The observed sources are instead consistent with a cluster of low-to-intermediate-mass protostars. However, the measured outflow properties are consistent with those expected for intermediate-to-high-mass star formation. We conclude that the sources are young and rapidly accreting, and may potentially form intermediate and high-mass stars in the future. The masses and projected spatial distribution of the cores are generally consistent with thermal fragmentation, suggesting that the large-scale turbulence and strong magnetic field in the cloud do not dominate on these scales, and that star formation on the scale of individual protostars is similar to that in Galactic disc environments.
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The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ; the central ~500 pc of the Milky Way) hosts molecular clouds in an extreme environment of strong shear, high gas pressure and density, and complex chemistry. G0.253+0.016, also known as `the Brick, is the densest, mos
t compact and quiescent of these clouds. High-resolution observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have revealed its complex, hierarchical structure. In this paper we compare the properties of recent hydrodynamical simulations of the Brick to those of the ALMA observations. To facilitate the comparison, we post-process the simulation and create synthetic ALMA maps of molecular line emission from eight molecules. We correlate the line emission maps to each other and to the mass column density, and find that HNCO is the best mass tracer of the eight emission lines. Additionally, we characterise the spatial structure of the observed and simulated cloud using the density probability distribution function (PDF), spatial power spectrum, fractal dimension, and moments of inertia. While we find good agreement between the observed and simulated data in terms of power spectra and fractal dimensions, there are key differences in terms of the density PDFs and moments of inertia, which we attribute to the omission of magnetic fields in the simulations. Models that include the external gravitational potential generated by the stars in the CMZ better reproduce the observed structure, highlighting that cloud structure in the CMZ results from the complex interplay between internal physics (turbulence, self-gravity, magnetic fields) and the impact of the extreme environment.
The massive infrared dark cloud G0.253+0.016 projected 45pc from the Galactic centre contains ~10^5Msun of dense gas whilst being mostly devoid of observed star-formation tracers. To scrutinise the physical properties, dynamics and structure of this
cloud with reference to its star-forming potential, we have carried out a concerted SMA and IRAM 30m study of this cloud in dust continuum, CO isotopologues, shock tracing molecules, as well as H$_2$CO to trace the gas temperature. We detect and characterise the dust cores within G0.253+0.016 at ~1.3 mm and find that the kinetic temperature of the gas is >320K on size-scales of ~0.15 pc. Analysis of the position-velocity diagrams of our observed lines show broad linewidths and strong shock emission in the south of the cloud, indicating that G0.253+0.016 is colliding with another cloud at v(LSR)~70 km/s. We confirm via an analysis of the observed dynamics in the CMZ that it is an elongated structure, orientated with Sgr B2 closer to the Sun than Sgr A*, however our results suggest that the actual geometry may be more complex than an elliptical ring. We find that the column density PDF of G0.253+0.016 is log-normal with no discernible power-law tail, consistent with little star formation, and that its width can be explained in the framework of theory predicting the density structure of clouds created by supersonic, magnetised turbulence. We also present the delta-variance spectrum of this region, and show it is consistent with that expected for clouds with no star formation. Using G0.253+0.016 as a test-bed of the conditions required for star formation in a different physical environment to that of nearby clouds, we also conclude that there is not one column density threshold for star formation, but instead this value is dependant on the local physical conditions. [Abbrv.]
We present the first interferometric molecular line and dust emission maps for the Galactic Center (GC) cloud G0.253+0.016, observed using the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter--wave Astronomy (CARMA) and the Submillimeter Array (SMA). This c
loud is very dense, and concentrates a mass exceeding the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex (2x10^5 M_sun) into a radius of only 3pc, but it is essentially starless. G0.253+0.016 therefore violates star formation laws presently used to explain trends in galactic and extragalactic star formation by a factor ~45. Our observations show a lack of dense cores of significant mass and density, thus explaining the low star formation activity. Instead, cores with low densities and line widths 1km/s---probably the narrowest lines reported for the GC region to date---are found. Evolution over several 10^5 yr is needed before more massive cores, and possibly an Arches--like stellar cluster, could form. Given the disruptive dynamics of the GC region, and the potentially unbound nature of G0.253+0.016, it is not clear that this evolution will happen.
We analyse the near infrared colour magnitude diagram of a field including the giant molecular cloud G0.253+0.016 (a.k.a. The Brick) observed at high spatial resolution, with HAWK-I at the VLT. The distribution of red clump stars in a line of sight c
rossing the cloud, compared with that in a direction just beside it, and not crossing it, allow us to measure the distance of the cloud from the Sun to be 7.20, with a statistical uncertainty of +/-0.16 and a systematic error of +/-0.20 kpc. This is significantly closer than what is generally assumed, i.e., that the cloud belongs to the near side of the central molecular zone, at 60 pc from the Galactic center. This assumption was based on dynamical models of the central molecular zone, observationally constrained uniquely by the radial velocity of this and other clouds. Determining the true position of the Brick cloud is relevant because this is the densest cloud of the Galaxy not showing any ongoing star formation. This puts the cloud off by 1 order of magnitude from the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation between the density of the dense gas and the star formation rate. Several explanations have been proposed for this absence of star formation, most of them based on the dynamical evolution of this and other clouds, within the Galactic center region. Our result emphasizes the need to include constraints coming from stellar observations in the interpretation of our Galaxy central molecular zone.
G0.253+0.016 is a remarkable massive infrared dark cloud located within $sim$100 pc of the galactic center. With a high mass of $1.3 times 10^5 M_odot$, a compact average radius of $sim$2.8 pc and a low dust temperature of 23 K, it has been believed
to be a yet starless precursor to a massive Arches-like stellar cluster. We present sensitive JVLA 1.3 and 5.6 cm radio continuum observations that reveal the presence on three compact thermal radio sources projected against this cloud. These radio sources are interpreted as HII regions powered by $sim$B0.5 ZAMS stars. We conclude that although G0.253+0.016 does not show evidence of O-type star formation, there are certainly early B-type stars embedded in it. We detect three more sources in the periphery of G0.253+0.016 with non-thermal spectral indices. We suggest that these sources may be related to the galactic center region and deserve further study.
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