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Accurate inertia estimates and forecasts are crucial to support the system operation in future low-inertia power systems. A large literature on inertia estimation methods is available. This paper aims to provide an overview and classification of inertia estimation methods. The classification considers the time horizon the methods are applicable to, i.e., offline post mortem, online real time and forecasting methods, and the scope of the inertia estimation, e.g., system-wide, regional, generation, demand, individual resource. Shortcomings of the existing inertia estimation methods have been identified and suggestions for future work have been made.
Most renewable energy sources (RES) do not provide any inertial response. Their integration in a power grid implies a highly reduced level of system inertia, which leads to a deteriorated frequency performance. Then, the requirement for frequency res
A significant amount of converter-based generation is being integrated into the bulk electric power grid to fulfill the future electric demand through renewable energy sources, such as wind and photovoltaic. The dynamics of converter systems in the o
The reduced inertia levels in low-carbon power grids necessitate explicit constraints to limit frequencys nadir and rate of change during scheduling. This can result in significant curtailment of renewable energy due to the minimum generation of ther
Renewable-dominant power systems explore options to procure virtual inertia services from non-synchronous resources (e.g., batteries, wind turbines) in addition to inertia traditionally provided by synchronous resources (e.g., thermal generators). Th
A major concern associated to the massive connection of distributed energy resources is the increasing share of power electronic interfaces resulting in the global inertia reduction of power systems. The recent literature advocated the use of voltage