ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
We extend previous work to describe a class of fluctuation relations (FRs) that emerge as a consequence of symmetries at the level of stochastic trajectories in Markov chains. We prove that given such a symmetry, and for a suitable dynamical observable, it is always possible to obtain a FR under a biased dynamics corresponding to the so-called generalized Doob transform. The general transformations of the dynamics that we consider go beyond time-reversal or spatial isometries, and an implication is the existence of FRs for observables irrespective of their behaviour under time-reversal, for example for time-symmetric observables rather than currents. We further show how to deduce in the long-time limit these FRs from the symmetry properties of the generator of the dynamics. We illustrate our results with four examples that highlight the novel features of our work.
Fluctuation theorems establish deep relations between observables away from thermal equilibrium. Until recently, the research on fluctuation theorems was focused on time-reversal-invariant systems. In this review we address some newly discovered fluc
Spontaneous time-reversal symmetry (TRS) breaking plays an important role in studying strongly correlated unconventional superconductors. When the superconducting gap functions with different pairing symmetries compete, an Ising ($Z_2$) type symmetry
We derive a set of isometric fluctuation relations, which constrain the order parameter fluctuations in finite-size systems at equilibrium and in the presence of a broken symmetry. These relations are exact and should apply generally to many condense
We provide numerical evidence that the Onsager symmetry remains valid for systems subject to a spatially dependent magnetic field, in spite of the broken time-reversal symmetry. In addition, for the simplest case in which the field strength varies on
For ordinary hermitian Hamiltonians, the states show the Kramers degeneracy when the system has a half-odd-integer spin and the time reversal operator obeys Theta^2=-1, but no such a degeneracy exists when Theta^2=+1. Here we point out that for non-h