You foot the bill! Attacking NFC with passive relays

Imagine when you line up in a store, the person in front of you can make you pay her bill by using a passive wearable device that forces a scan of your credit card without your awareness. An important assumption of todays Near-field Communication (NFC) enabled cards is the limited communication range between the commercial reader and the NFC cards -- a distance below 5~cm. Previous approaches to attacking this assumption effectively use mobile phones and active relays to enlarge the communication range, in order to attack the NFC cards. However, these approaches require a power supply at the adversary side, and can be easily localized when mobile phones or active relays transmit NFC signals. We propose ReCoil, a system that uses wearable passive relays to attack NFC cards by expanding the communication range to 49.6 centimeters, a ten-fold improvement over its intended commercial distance. ReCoil is a magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer system, which optimizes the energy transfer by searching the optimal geometry parameters. Specifically, we first narrow down the feasible area reasonably and design the ReCoil-Ant Colony Algorithm such that the relays absorb the maximum energy from the reader. In order to reroute the signal to pass over the surface of human body, we then design a half waist band by carefully analyzing the impact of the distance and orientation between two coils on the mutual inductance. Then, three more coils are added to the system to keep enlarging the communication range. Finally, extensive experiment results validate our analysis, showing that our passive relays composed of common copper wires and tunable capacitors expand the range of NFC attacks to 49.6 centimeters.