ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
The rapid spread of radical ideologies has led to a world-wide succession of terrorist attacks in recent years. Understanding how extremist tendencies germinate, develop, and drive individuals to action is important from a cultural standpoint, but also to help formulate response and prevention strategies. Demographic studies, interviews with radicalized subjects, analysis of terrorist databases, reveal that the path to radicalization occurs along progressive steps, where age, social context and peer-to-peer exchanges play major roles. To execute terrorist attacks, radicals must efficiently communicate with one another while maintaining secrecy; they are also subject to pressure from counter-terrorism agencies, public opinion and the need for material resources. Similarly, government entities must gauge which intervention methods are most effective. While a complete understanding of the processes that lead to extremism and violence, and of which deterrents are optimal, is still lacking, mathematical modelers have contributed to the discourse by using tools from statistical mechanics and applied mathematics to describe existing and novel paradigms, and to propose novel counter-terrorism strategies. We review some of their approaches in this work, including compartment models for populations of increasingly extreme views, continuous time models for age-structured radical populations, radicalization as social contagion processes on lattices and social networks, agent based models, game theoretic formulations. We highlight the useful insights offered by analyzing radicalization and terrorism through quantitative frameworks. Finally, we discuss the role of institutional intervention and the stages at which de-radicalization strategies might be most effective.
We discuss some social contagion processes to describe the formation and spread of radical opinions. The dynamics of opinion spread involves local threshold processes as well as mean field effects. We calculate and observe phase transitions in the dy
(shortened version) Religions and languages are social variables, like age, sex, wealth or political opinions, to be studied like any other organizational parameter. In fact, religiosity is one of the most important sociological aspects of population
We analyze properties of apportionment functions in context of the problem of allocating seats in the European Parliament. Necessary and sufficient conditions for apportionment functions are investigated. Some exemplary families of apportionment func
Disaffected youth are among the most susceptible in espousing and acting on extremist ideals, as confirmed by demographic studies. To study age-dependent radicalization we introduce a three-stage model where individuals progress through non-radical,
In this survey we consider mathematical models and methods recently developed to control crowd dynamics, with particular emphasis on egressing pedestrians. We focus on two control strategies: The first one consists in using special agents, called lea