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تسجيل مستخدم جديدInteraction between Molecular Clouds and MeV-TeV Cosmic-ray Protons Escaped from Supernova Remnants
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Recent discovery of the X-ray neutral iron line (Fe I Kalpha at 6.40 keV) around several supernova remnants (SNRs) show that MeV cosmic-ray (CR) protons are distributed around the SNRs and are interacting with neutral gas there. We propose that these MeV CRs are the ones that have been accelerated at the SNRs together with GeV-TeV CRs. In our analytical model, the MeV CRs are still confined in the SNR when the SNR collides with molecular clouds. After the collision, the MeV CRs leak into the clouds and produce the neutral iron line emissions. On the other hand, GeV-TeV CRs had already escaped from the SNRs and emit gamma-rays through interaction with molecular clouds surrounding the SNRs. We apply this model to the SNRs W28 and W44 and show that it can reproduce the observations of the iron line intensities and the gamma-ray spectra. This can be another support of a hadronic scenario for the gamma-ray emissions from these SNRs.
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The spectrum of cosmic ray protons and electrons released by supernova remnants throughout their evolution is poorly known, because of the difficulty in accounting for particle escape and confinement in the downstream of a shock front, where both adi
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Supernova remnants (SNRs) have been prime candidates for Galactic cosmic-ray accelerators. When low-energy cosmic-ray protons (LECRp) collide with interstellar gas, they ionize neutral iron atoms and emit the neutral iron line (Fe I K$alpha$) at 6.40
keV. We search for the iron K-shell line in seven SNRs from the Suzaku archive data of the Galactic plane in the $6^{circ} lesssim l lesssim 40^{circ}, |b| < 1^{circ}$ region. All these SNRs interact with molecular clouds. We discover Fe I K$alpha$ line emissions from five SNRs (W28, Kes 67, Kes 69, Kes 78, and W44). The spectra and morphologies suggest that the Fe I K$alpha$ line is produced by interactions between LECRp and the adjacent cold gas. The proton energy density is estimated to be $gtrsim$ 10-100 eV cm$^{-3}$, which is more than 10 times higher than that in the ambient interstellar medium.
The giant molecular clouds (MCs) found in the Milky Way and similar galaxies play a crucial role in the evolution of these systems. The supernova explosions that mark the death of massive stars in these regions often lead to interactions between the
supernova remnants (SNRs) and the clouds. These interactions have a profound effect on our understanding of SNRs. Shocks in SNRs should be capable of accelerating particles to cosmic ray (CR) energies with efficiencies high enough to power Galactic CRs. X-ray and gamma-ray studies have established the presence of relativistic electrons and protons is some SNRs and provided strong evidence for diffusive shock acceleration as the primary acceleration mechanism, including strongly amplified magnetic fields, temperature and ionization effects on the shock-heated plasmas, and modifications to the dynamical evolution of some systems. Because protons dominate the overall energetics of the CRs, it is crucial to understand this hadronic component even though electrons are much more efficient radiators and it can be difficult to identify the hadronic component. However, near MCs the densities are sufficiently high to allow the gamma-ray emission to be dominated by protons. Thus, these interaction sites provide some of our best opportunities to constrain the overall energetics of these particle accelerators. Here we summarize some key properties of interactions between SNRs and MCs, with an emphasis on recent X-ray and gamma-ray studies that are providing important constraints on our understanding of cosmic rays in our Galaxy.
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