ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
This review provides an overview of recent advances in multi-wavelength and multi-messenger observations of blazars, the current status of theoretical models for blazar emission, and prospects for future facilities. The discussion of observational results will focus on advances made possible through the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope and ground-based gamma-ray observatories (H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS) as well as the recent first evidence for a blazar being a source of IceCube neutrinos. The main focus of this review will be the discussion of our current theoretical understanding of blazar multi-wavelength and multi-messenger emission, in the spectral, time, and polarization domains. Future progress will be expected in particular through the development of the first X-ray polarimeter, IXPE, and the installation of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), both expected to become operational in the early to mid 2020s.
The INTEGRAL mission has played a major role in blazar science, thanks to its sensitive coverage of a spectral region (3-100 keV) that is critical for this type of sources, to its flexibility of scheduling and to the large field of view of its camera
Results from recent multiwavelength observations of blazars are reviewed, with particular emphasis on those involving the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). I discuss blazars spectral energy distributions, their correlated variability at various ene
The X-ray spectrum of extreme HBL type blazars is located in the synchrotron branch of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), at energies below the peak. A joint fit of the extrapolated X-ray spectra together with a host galaxy template al
Blazars are known for their energetic multiwavelength flares from radio wavelengths to high-energy $gamma$-rays. In this work, we study radio, optical, and $gamma$-ray light curves of 145 bright blazars spanning up to 8~yr, to probe the flaring activ
The AGILE gamma-ray satellite accumulated data over two years on several blazars. Moreover, for all of the sources detected by AGILE, we exploited multiwavelength observations involving both space and ground based telescopes and consortia, obtaining