اشترك بالحزمة الذهبية واحصل على وصول غير محدود شمرا أكاديميا
تسجيل مستخدم جديدVenus upper clouds and the UV-absorber from MESSENGER/MASCS observations
100
0
0.0
(
0
)
اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث
ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
One of the most intriguing, long-standing questions regarding Venus atmosphere is the origin and distribution of the unknown UV-absorber, responsible for the absorption band detected at the near-UV and blue range of Venus spectrum. In this work, we use data collected by MASCS spectrograph on board the MESSENGER mission during its second Venus flyby in June 2007 to address this issue. Spectra range from 0.3 {mu}m to 1.5 {mu}m including some gaseous H2O and CO2 bands, as well as part of the SO2 absorption band and the core of the UV absorption. We used the NEMESIS radiative transfer code and retrieval suite to investigate the vertical distribution of particles in the Equatorial atmosphere and to retrieve the imaginary refractive indices of the UV-absorber, assumed to be well mixed with Venus small mode-1 particles. The results show an homogeneous Equatorial atmosphere, with cloud tops (height for unity optical depth) at 75+/-2 km above surface. The UV absorption is found to be centered at 0.34+/-0.03 {mu}m with a full width half maximum of 0.14+/-0.01 {mu}m. Our values are compared with previous candidates for the UV aerosol absorber, among which disulfur oxide (S2O) and dioxide disulfur (S2O2) provide the best agreement with our results.
قيم البحث
اقرأ أيضاً
At the cloud top level of Venus (65-70 km altitude) the atmosphere rotates 60 times faster than the underlying surface, a phenomenon known as superrotation. Whereas on Venuss dayside the cloud top motions are well determined and Venus general circula
tion models predict a mean zonal flow at the upper clouds similar on both day and nightside, the nightside circulation remains poorly studied except for the polar region. Here we report global measurements of the nightside circulation at the upper cloud level. We tracked individual features in thermal emission images at 3.8 and 5.0 $mathrm{mu m}$ obtained between 2006 and 2008 by the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS-M) onboard Venus Express and in 2015 by ground-based measurements with the Medium-Resolution 0.8-5.5 Micron Spectrograph and Imager (SpeX) at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Infrared Telescope Facility (NASA/IRTF). The zonal motions range from -110 to -60 m s$^{-1}$, consistent with those found for the dayside but with larger dispersion. Slow motions (-50 to -20 m s$^{-1}$) were also found and remain unexplained. In addition, abundant stationary wave patterns with zonal speeds from -10 to +10 m s$^{-1}$ dominate the night upper clouds and concentrate over the regions of higher surface elevation.
We first respond to two points raised by Villanueva et al. We show the JCMT discovery spectrum of PH3 can not be re-attributed to SO2, as the line width is larger than observed for SO2 features, and the required abundance would be an extreme outlier.
The JCMT spectrum is also consistent with our simple model, constant PH3-abundance with altitude, with no discrepancy in line profile (within data limits); reconciliation with a full photochemical model is the subject of future work. Section 2 presents initial results from re-processed ALMA data. Villanueva et al. noted an issue with bandpass calibration. They have worked on a partially re-processed subset of the ALMA data, so we note where their conclusions, and those of Greaves et al., are now superseded. To summarise: we recover PH3 in Venus atmosphere with ALMA (~5{sigma} confidence). Localised abundance appears to peak at ~5-10 parts-per-billion (ppb), with suggestions of spatial variation. Advanced data-products suggest a planet-averaged PH3 abundance ~1-4 ppb, lower than from the earlier ALMA processing (which indicated 7+ ppb). The ALMA data are reconcilable with the JCMT detection (~20 ppb) if there is order-of-magnitude temporal variation; more advanced processing of the JCMT data is underway to check methods. Independent PH3 measurements suggest possible altitude dependence (under ~5 ppb at 60+ km, up to ~100 ppb at 50+ km; see Section 2: Conclusions.). Given that both ALMA and JCMT were working at the limit of observatory capabilities, new spectra should be obtained. The ALMA data in-hand are no longer limited by calibration, but spectral ripples still exist, probably due to size and brightness of Venus in relation to the primary beam. Further, spatial ripples are present, potentially reducing significance of real narrow spectral features.
We published spectra of phosphine molecules in Venus clouds, following open-science principles in releasing data and scripts (with community input leading to ALMA re-processing, now benefiting multiple projects). Some misconceptions about de-trending
of spectral baselines have also emerged, which we address here. Using the JCMT PH3-discovery data, we show that mathematically-correct polynomial fitting of periodic ripples does not lead to fake lines (probability < ~1%). We then show that the ripples can be characterised in a non-subjective manner via Fourier transforms. A 20 ppb PH3 feature is ~5{sigma} compared to the JCMT baseline-uncertainty, and is distinctive as a narrow perturber of the periodic ripple pattern. The structure of the FT-derived baseline also shows that polynomial fitting, if unguided, can amplify artefacts and so artificially reduce significance of real lines.
The atmosphere of a transiting planet shields the stellar radiation providing us with a powerful method to estimate its size and density. In particular, because of their high ionization energy, atoms with high atomic number (Z) absorb short-wavelengt
h radiation in the upper atmosphere, undetectable with observations in visible light. One implication is that the planet should appear larger during a primary transit observed in high energy bands than in the optical band. The last Venus transit in 2012 offered a unique opportunity to study this effect. The transit has been monitored by solar space observations from Hinode and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). We measure the radius of Venus during the transit in three different bands with subpixel accuracy: optical (4500A), UV (1600A, 1700A), Extreme UltraViolet (EUV, 171-335A) and soft X-rays (about 10A). We find that, while the Venus optical radius is about 80 km larger than the solid body radius (the expected opacity mainly due to clouds and haze), the radius increases further by more than 70 km in the EUV and soft X-rays. These measurements mark the densest ion layers of Venus ionosphere, providing information about the column density of CO2 and CO. They are useful for planning missions in situ to estimate the dynamical pressure from the environment, and can be employed as a benchmark case for observations with future missions, such as the ESA Athena, which will be sensitive enough to detect transits of exoplanets in high-energy bands.
A defining characteristic of the planet Venus is its thick, CO2-dominated atmosphere. Despite over fifty years of robotic exploration, including thirteen successful atmosphere probes and landers, our knowledge of N2, the second-most-abundant compound
in the atmosphere, is highly uncertain (von Zahn et al., 1983). We report the first measurement of the nitrogen content of Venus atmosphere at altitudes between 60 and 100 km. Our result, 5.0 +/- 0.4 v% N2, is significantly higher than the value of 3.5 v% N2 reported for the lower atmosphere (<50 km altitude). We conclude that Venus atmosphere contains two chemically-distinct regions, contrasting sharply with the expectation that it should be uniform across these altitude due to turbulent mixing (e.g. Oyama et al., 1980). That the lower-mass component is more concentrated at high altitudes suggests that the chemical profile of the atmosphere above 50-km altitude reflects mass segregation of CO2 and N2. A similar boundary between well-mixed and mass-segregated materials exists for Earth, however it is located at a substantially higher altitude of ~100 km. That Venus upper and lower atmosphere are not in chemical equilibrium complicates efforts to use remote sensing measurements to infer the properties of the lower atmosphere and surface, a lesson that also applied to the growing field of exoplanet astronomy. The observation of periodic increases in SO2 concentrations in Venus upper atmosphere, which has been cited as evidence for active volcanic eruptions at the surface (Esposito et al., 1984), may instead be attributable to atmosphere processes that periodically inject SO2 from the lower atmosphere into the upper atmosphere.
سجل دخول لتتمكن من نشر تعليقات
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
