In this section, we discuss some basic features of transverse momentum dependent, or unintegrated, parton distribution functions. In particular, when these correlation functions are combined in a factorization formulae with hard processes beyond the
simplest cases, there are basic problems with universality and factorization. We discuss some of these problems as well as the opportunities that they offer.
We give an overview of the current status of perturbative QCD factorization theorems in processes that involve transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distribution functions (PDFs) and fragmentation functions (FF). We enumerate those cases where T
MD-factorization is well-established, and mention cases where it is likely to fail. We discuss recent progress in the implementation of specific TMD-factorization calculations, including the implementation of evolution. We also give examples of hard part calculations. We end by discussing future strategies for the implementation of TMD-factorization in phenomenological applications.
We examine some of the complications involved when combining (matching) TMD factorization with collinear factorization to allow accurate predictions over the whole range of measured transverse momentum in a process like Drell-Yan. Then we propose som
e improved methods for combining the two types of factorization. (This talk is based on work reported in arXiv:1605.00671.)
The higher twist corrections $h^N(x)/Q^2$ to the spin dependent proton and neutron $g_1$ structure functions are extracted from the world data on $g_1(x,Q^2)$ in a model independent way and found to be non-negligible. Their role in determining the po
larized parton densities in the nucleon is discussed. It is also considered how the results are influenced by the recent JLab and HERMES/d inclusive DIS data.
We update QCD calculations of $B to pi, K$ form factors at large hadronic recoil by including the subleading-power corrections from the higher-twist $B$-meson light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) up to the twist-six accuracy and the strange-qua
rk mass effects at leading-power in $Lambda/m_b$ from the twist-two $B$-meson LCDA $phi_B^{+}(omega, mu)$. The higher-twist corrections from both the two-particle and three-particle $B$-meson LCDAs are computed from the light-cone QCD sum rules (LCSR) at tree level. In particular, we construct the local duality model for the twist-five and -six $B$-meson LCDAs, in agreement with the corresponding asymptotic behaviours at small quark and gluon momenta, employing the QCD sum rules in heavy quark effective theory at leading order in $alpha_s$. The strange quark mass effects in semileptonic $B to K$ form factors yield the leading-power contribution in the heavy quark expansion, consistent with the power-counting analysis in soft-collinear effective theory, and they are also computed from the LCSR approach due to the appearance of the rapidity singularities. We further explore the phenomenological aspects of the semileptonic $B to pi ell u$ decays and the rare exclusive processes $B to K u u$, including the determination of the CKM matrix element $|V_{ub}|$, the normalized differential $q^2$ distributions and precision observables defined by the ratios of branching fractions for the above-mentioned two channels in the same intervals of $q^2$.