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A basic quantity in the characterization of relativistic particles is the proton-to-electron (p/e) energy density ratio. We derive a simple approximate expression suitable to estimate this quantity, U_p/U_e = (m_p/m_e)^(3-q)/2, valid when a nonthermal `gas of these particles is electrically neutral and the particles power-law spectral indices are equal -- e.g., at injection. This relation partners the well-known p/e number density ratio at 1 GeV, i.e. N_p/N_e = (m_p/m_e)^{(q-1)/2}.
The luminosity ratio of electrons to protons as it is produced in stochastic acceleration processes in cosmic ray sources is an important quantity relevant for several aspects of the modeling of the sources themselves. It is usually assumed to be aro
Protons and helium nuclei are the most abundant components of the cosmic radiation. Precise measurements of their fluxes are needed to understand the acceleration and subsequent propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. We report precision measuremen
In this Letter we simultaneously interpret the spectral feature at $sim 10 , mathrm{TeV}$ in the cosmic-ray proton spectrum recently reported by the DAMPE Collaboration together with the spectral break at $sim 1 , mathrm{TeV}$ measured by H.E.S.S. in
We report studies of ultra-high energy cosmic ray composition via analysis of depth of airshower maximum (Xmax), for airshower events collected by the High Resolution Flys Eye (HiRes) observatory. The HiRes data are consistent with a constant elongat
In this paper, we present the analysis and results of a direct measurement of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum with the CALET instrument onboard the International Space Station, including the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties. The observa