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A severe case of scientific misconduct was discovered in a paper from 2005 allegedly showing harmful effects (DNA breakage) of non-thermal mobile phone electromagnetic field exposure on human and rat cells. Here we describe the way how the fraudulent data were identified. The low variations of the reported biological data are shown to be below theoretical lower limits (multinomial distributions). Another reason for doubts was highly significant non-equal distributions of last digits, a known hint towards data fabrication. The Medical University Vienna, where the research was conducted, was informed about these findings and came to the conclusion that the data in this and another, related paper by the same group were fabricated, and that both papers should be retracted.
Methods for addressing missing data have become much more accessible to applied researchers. However, little guidance exists to help researchers systematically identify plausible missing data mechanisms in order to ensure that these methods are appro
It has been claimed that different types of causes must be considered in biological systems, including top-down as well as same-level and bottom-up causation, thus enabling the top levels to be causally efficacious in their own right. To clarify this
Mobile phone calling is one of the most widely used communication methods in modern society. The records of calls among mobile phone users provide us a valuable proxy for the understanding of human communication patterns embedded in social networks.
Algorithmic skeletons are used as building-blocks to ease the task of parallel programming by abstracting the details of parallel implementation from the developer. Most existing libraries provide implementations of skeletons that are defined over fl
A large multitude of scientific computing tools is available today. This article gives an overview of available tools and explains the main application fields. In addition basic principles of number representations in computing and the resulting trun