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The exact formula for the average path length of Apollonian networks is found. With the help of recursion relations derived from the self-similar structure, we obtain the exact solution of average path length, $bar{d}_t$, for Apollonian networks. In contrast to the well-known numerical result $bar{d}_t propto (ln N_t)^{3/4}$ [Phys. Rev. Lett. textbf{94}, 018702 (2005)], our rigorous solution shows that the average path length grows logarithmically as $bar{d}_t propto ln N_t$ in the infinite limit of network size $N_t$. The extensive numerical calculations completely agree with our closed-form solution.
Empirical evidence shows that the rate of irregular usage of English verbs exhibits discontinuity as a function of their frequency: the most frequent verbs tend to be totally irregular. We aim to qualitatively understand the origin of this feature by
A simple and accurate relationship is demonstrated that links the average shortest path, nodes, and edges in a complex network. This relationship takes advantage of the concept of link density and shows a large improvement in fitting networks of all
We study the voter model and related random-copying processes on arbitrarily complex network structures. Through a representation of the dynamics as a particle reaction process, we show that a quantity measuring the degree of order in a finite system
We demonstrate that the exact non-equilibrium steady state of the one-dimensional Heisenberg XXZ spin chain driven by boundary Lindblad operators can be constructed explicitly with a matrix product ansatz for the non-equilibrium density matrix where
The closed-form solution for the average distance of a deterministic network--Sierpinski network--is found. This important quantity is calculated exactly with the help of recursion relations, which are based on the self-similar network structure and