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تسجيل مستخدم جديدAttosecond streaking experiments on atoms: quantum theory versus simple model
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A new theoretical approach to the description of the attosecond streaking measurements of atomic photoionization is presented. It is a fully quantum mechanical description based on numerical solving of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation which includes the atomic field as well as the fields of the XUV and IR pulses. Also a simple semiempirical description based on sudden approximation is suggested which agrees very well with the exact solution.
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Tunnelling, one of the key features of quantum mechanics, ignited an ongoing debate about the value, meaning and interpretation of tunnelling time. Until recently the debate was purely theoretical, with the process considered to be instantaneous for
all practical purposes. This changed with the development of ultrafast lasers and in particular, the attoclock technique that is used to probe the attosecond dynamics of electrons. Although the initial attoclock measurements hinted at instantaneous tunnelling, later experiments contradicted those findings, claiming to have measured finite tunnelling times. In each case these measurements were performed with multi-electron atoms. Atomic hydrogen (H), the simplest atomic system with a single electron, can be exactly (subject only to numerical limitations) modelled using numerical solutions of the 3D-TDSE with measured experimental parameters and acts as a convenient benchmark for both accurate experimental measurements and calculations. Here we report the first attoclock experiment performed on H and find that our experimentally determined offset angles are in excellent agreement with accurate 3D-TDSE simulations performed using our experimental pulse parameters. The same simulations with a short-range Yukawa potential result in zero offset angles for all intensities. We conclude that the offset angle measured in the attoclock experiments originates entirely from electron scattering by the long-range Coulomb potential with no contribution from tunnelling time delay. That conclusion is supported by empirical observation that the electron offset angles follow closely the simple formula for the deflection angle of electrons undergoing classical Rutherford scattering by the Coulomb potential. Thus we confirm that, in H, tunnelling is instantaneous (with an upperbound of 1.8 as) within our experimental and numerical uncertainty.
We present an analytical model capable of describing two-photon ionization of atoms with attosecond pulses in the presence of intermediate and final isolated autoionizing states. The model is based on the finite-pulse formulation of second-order time
-dependent perturbation theory. It approximates the intermediate and final states with Fanos theory for resonant continua, and it depends on a small set of atomic parameters that can either be obtained from separate emph{ab initio} calculations, or be extracted from few selected experiments. We use the model to compute the two-photon resonant photoelectron spectrum of helium below the N=2 threshold for the RABITT (Reconstruction of Attosecond Beating by Interference of Two-photon Transitions) pump-probe scheme, in which an XUV attosecond pulse train is used in association to a weak IR probe, obtaining results in quantitative agreement with those from accurate emph{ab initio} simulations. In particular, we show that: i) Use of finite pulses results in a homogeneous red shift of the RABITT beating frequency, as well as a resonant modulation of the beating frequency in proximity of intermediate autoionizing states; ii) The phase of resonant two-photon amplitudes generally experiences a continuous excursion as a function of the intermediate detuning, with either zero or $2pi$ overall variation.
Based on numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation for either one or two active electrons, we propose a method for observing instantaneous level shifts in an oscillating strong infrared (IR) field in time, using a single tunable
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Attosecond streaking of photoelectrons emitted by extreme ultraviolet light has begun to reveal how electrons behave during their transport within simple crystalline solids. Many sample types within nanoplasmonics, thin-film physics, and semiconducto
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