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We show that the concept of topological order, introduced to describe ordered quantum systems which cannot be classified by broken symmetries, also applies to classical systems. Starting from a specific example, we show how to use pure state density matrices to construct corresponding thermally mixed ones that retain precisely half the original topological entropy, a result that we generalize to a whole class of quantum systems. Finally, we suggest that topological order and topological entropy may be useful in characterizing classical glassy systems.
In this chapter we discuss aspects of the quantum critical behavior that occurs at a quantum phase transition separating a topological phase from a conventionally ordered one. We concentrate on a family of quantum lattice models, namely certain defor
As new kinds of stabilizer code models, fracton models have been promising in realizing quantum memory or quantum hard drives. However, it has been shown that the fracton topological order of 3D fracton models occurs only at zero temperature. In this
We study topological order in a toric code in three spatial dimensions, or a 3+1D Z_2 gauge theory, at finite temperature. We compute exactly the topological entropy of the system, and show that it drops, for any infinitesimal temperature, to half it
Topological phases are exotic quantum phases which are lacking the characterization in terms of order parameters. In this paper, we develop a unified framework based on variational iPEPS for the quantitative study of both topological and conventional
The issue on the effect of interactions in topological states concerns not only interacting topological phases but also novel symmetry-breaking phases and phase transitions. Here we study the interaction effect on Majorana zero modes (MZMs) bound to