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تسجيل مستخدم جديدLarge scale numerical investigation of excited states in poly(phenylene)
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A density matrix renormalisation group scheme is developed, allowing for the first time essentially exact numerical solutions for the important excited states of a realistic semi-empirical model for oligo-phenylenes. By monitoring the evolution of the energies with chain length and comparing them to the experimental absorption peaks of oligomers and thin films, we assign the four characteristic absorption peaks of phenyl-based polymers. We also determine the position and nature of the nonlinear optical states in this model.
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Ground state properties and excited states of ladder-type paraphenylene oligomers are calculated applying semiempirical methods for up to eleven phenylene rings. The results are in qualitative agreement with experimental data. A new scheme to interpr
et the excited states is developed which reveals the excitonic nature of the excited states. The electron-hole pair of the S1-state has a mean distance of approximately 4 Angstroem.
The two-state molecular orbital model of the one-dimensional phenyl-based semiconductors is applied to poly(p-phenylene vinylene). The energies of the low-lying excited states are calculated using the density matrix renormalization group method. Calc
ulations of both the exciton size and the charge gap show that there are both Bu and Ag excitonic levels below the band threshold. The energy of the 1Bu exciton extrapolates to 2.60 eV in the limit of infinite polymers, while the energy of the 2Ag exciton extrapolates to 2.94 eV. The calculated binding energy of the 1Bu exciton is 0.9 eV for a 13 phenylene unit chain and 0.6 eV for an infinite polymer. This is expected to decrease due to solvation effects. The lowest triplet state is calculated to be at ca. 1.6 eV, with the triplet-triplet gap being ca. 1.6 eV. A comparison between theory, and two-photon absorption and electroabsorption is made, leading to a consistent picture of the essential states responsible for most of the third-order nonlinear optical properties. An interpretation of the experimental nonlinear optical spectroscopies suggests an energy difference of ca. 0.4 eV between the vertical energy and ca. 0.8 eV between the relaxed energy, of the 1Bu exciton and the band gap, respectively.
Using an electrochemically gated transistor, we achieved controlled and reversible doping of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) in a large concentration range. Our data open a wide energy-window view on the density of states (DOS) and show, for the first tim
e, that the core of the DOS function is Gaussian, while the low-energy tail has a more complex structure. The hole mobility increases by more than four orders of magnitude when the electrochemical potential is scanned through the DOS.
Within a rigid-band correlated electron model for oligomers of poly-(paraphenylene) (PPP) and poly-(paraphenylenevinylene) (PPV), we show that there exist two fundamentally different classes of two-photon A$_g$ states in these systems to which photoi
nduced absorption (PA) can occur. At relatively lower energies there occur A$_g$ states which are superpositions of one electron - one hole (1e--1h) and two electron -- two hole (2e--2h) excitations, that are both comprised of the highest delocalized valence band and the lowest delocalized conduction band states only. The dominant PA is to one specific member of this class of states (the mA$_g$). In addition to the above class of A$_g$ states, PA can also occur to a higher energy kA$_g$ state whose 2e--2h component is {em different} and has significant contributions from excitations involving both delocalized and localized bands. Our calculated scaled energies of the mA$_g$ and the kA$_g$ agree reasonably well to the experimentally observed low and high energy PAs in PPV. The calculated relative intensities of the two PAs are also in qualitative agreement with experiment. In the case of ladder-type PPP and its oligomers, we predict from our theoretical work a new intense PA at an energy considerably lower than the region where PA have been observed currently. Based on earlier work that showed that efficient charge--carrier generation occurs upon excitation to odd--parity states that involve both delocalized and localized bands, we speculate that it is the characteristic electronic nature of the kA$_g$ that leads to charge generation subsequent to excitation to this state, as found experimentally.
The two state molecular orbital (2-MO) model of the phenyl based semiconductors is used to calculate the low-lying spectra of the Ag and Bu states of poly(para-phenylene) (PPP). The model parameters are determined by fitting its predictions to exact
Pariser-Parr-Pople model calculations of benzene and biphenyl, and it is solved using the density matrix renormalisation group method. It is shown that there exists a band of Bu (s-wave) excitons below the band states. In the long chain limit the lowest exciton is situated 3.3 eV above the ground state, consistent with experimental data. The calculated particle-hole separation of these excitons indicates that they are tightly bound, extending over only a few repeat units. The lowest band state is found to be a covalent 2Ag state, whose energy almost coincides with the charge gap Eg. Lying just above the 2Ag state is a band Bu state (the nBu state). The particle-hole separation of the band states scales linearly with oligomer size. The binding energy of the 1Bu exciton is determined rigorously as 0.74 eV. The dipole matrix elements and oscillator strengths for the transitions between the lowest Ag and Bu states are calculated and the NLO properties of PPP, such as electroabsorption (EA) and third harmonic generation, are investigated. A comparison of the EA spectrum with the experimental data shows that the main features of the experimental spectrum are well described by the 2-MO Hamiltonian. Only five states account for most of the calculated EA. These are the 1Ag, 1Bu, 2Ag, nBu and another band Ag state, the kAg, thus confirming the essential states model. An analysis of the particle excitation weight of these states indicates that they are predominately single particle in character.
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