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Type Ia supernovae are the best cosmological standard candles available. The intrinsic scatter of their decline-rate- and colour-corrected peak brightnesses in the Hubble diagram is within observational error limits, corresponding to an uncertainty of only 3km/s/Mpc of the Hubble constant. Any additional uncertainty, resulting from peak-brightness calibration, must be kept small by measuring distances to nearby host galaxies most precisely. A number of different distance determinations of the Fornax cluster of galaxies agree well on a distance modulus of 31.35+-0.04mag (18.6+-0.3Mpc). This leads to accurate absolute magnitudes of the well-observed Fornax type Ia SNe SN1980N, SN1981D, and SN1992A and finally to a Hubble constant of H_0=72+-6km/s/Mpc.
The Hubble Space Telescope is being used to measure accurate Cepheid distances to nearby galaxies with the ultimate aim of determining the Hubble constant, H_0. For the first time, it has become feasible to use Cepheid variables to derive a distance
I review the current state of determinations of the Hubble constant, which gives the length scale of the Universe by relating the expansion velocity of objects to their distance. There are two broad categories of measurements. The first uses individu
We present a refined gravitational lens model of the four-image lens system B1608+656 based on new and improved observational constraints: (i) the three independent time-delays and flux-ratios from VLA observations, (ii) the radio-image positions fro
We describe our algorithm for measuring the Hubble constant from Ryle Telescope (RT) interferometric observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect from a galaxy cluster and observation of the cluster X-ray emission. We analyse the error budget in
There are now 10 firm time delay measurements in gravitational lenses. The physics of time delays is well understood, and the only important variable for interpreting the time delays to determine H_0 is the mean surface mass density <k> (in units of