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تسجيل مستخدم جديدGalaxies behind the deepest extinction layer of the southern Milky Way
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Renee C. Kraan-Korteweg
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About 25% of the optical extragalactic sky is obscured by the dust and stars of our Milky Way. Dynamically important structures might still lie hidden in this zone. Various approaches are presently being employed to uncover the galaxy distribution in this Zone of Avoidance (ZOA). Results as well as the different limitations and selection effects from these multi-wavelengths explorations are being discussed. Galaxies within the innermost part of the Milky Way - typically at a foreground obscuration in the blue of A_B > 5mag and |b| < 5 deg - remain particularly difficult to uncover except for HI-surveys: the Galaxy is fully transparent at the 21cm line and HI-rich galaxies are easy to trace. We will report here on the first results from the systematic blind HI-search (v < 12700 km/s) in the southern Zone of Avoidance which is currently being conducted with the Parkes Multibeam (MB) Receiver.
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A first analysis of a deep blind HI survey covering the southern Zone of Avoidance plus an extension towards the north (196 < l < 52 deg) obtained with the Multibeam receiver at the 64m Parkes telescope reveals slightly over a thousand galaxies withi
n the latitude completeness limit of |b| < 5deg. The characteristics and the uncovered large-scale structures of this survey are described, in particular the prominence of the Norma Supercluster, the possible cluster around PKS 1343-601 (both in the Great Attractor region), as well as the Local Void and the clustering in the Puppis region. In this blind HI survey, HIZOA J0836-43, one of the most massive spiral galaxies known to date was discovered (M(HI) = 7.3 10^10 Msun M(tot) = 1.1 10^12 Msun; Ho = 75 km/s/Mpc). Although of similar mass as Malin 1-like objects, this galaxy does not share their typical low-surface brightness properties but seems an exceptionally massive but normal, high-surface brightness, star-forming galaxy.
The nature and the extent of the Great Attractor has been the subject of much debate, not in the least due to the unfortunate position of its central part being behind the Milky Way. We here present the latest results from our deep optical galaxy sea
rch in the southern Milky Way. A full view of the southern hemisphere is emerging, revealing ACO 3627 as the most prominent concentration of galaxies in the southern sky. Our follow-up spectroscopic observations support the idea that ACO 3627 is the dominant component of a ``great wall-structure, similar to Coma in the (northern) Great Wall.
Dust and stars in the plane of the Milky Way create a Zone of Avoidance in the extragalactic sky. Galaxies are distributed in gigantic labyrinth formations, filaments and great walls with occasional dense clusters. They can be traced all over the sky
, except where the dust within our own galaxy becomes too thick - leaving about 25% of the extragalactic sky unaccounted for. Our Galaxy is a natural barrier which constrains the studies of large-scale structures in the Universe, the peculiar motion of our Local Group of galaxies and other streaming motions (cosmic flows) which are important for understanding formation processes in the Early Universe and for cosmological models. Only in recent years have astronomers developed the techniques to peer through the disk and uncover the galaxy distribution in the Zone of Avoidance. I present the various observational multi-wavelength procedures (optical, far infrared, near infrared, radio and X-ray) that are currently being pursued to map the galaxy distribution behind our Milky Way. Particular emphasis is given to discoveries in the Great Attractor region -- a from streaming motions predicted huge overdensity centered behind the Galactic Plane. The recently unveiled massive rich cluster A3627 seems to constitute the previously unidentified core of the Great Attractor.
A deep optical galaxy search behind the southern Milky Way and a subsequent redshift survey of the identified obscured galaxies traces clusters and superclusters into the deepest layers of Galactic foreground extinction (A_B <= 3^m - 5^m). In the Gre
at Attractor region, we have identified a low-mass cluster (the Centaurus-Crux cluster) at (l, b, v, sigma) = (305.5deg, +5.5deg, 6214 km/s, 472 km/s) and found that ACO 3627 (the Norma cluster) at (l, b, v, sigma) = (325.3deg, -7.2deg, 4844 km/s, 848 km/s) is the most massive cluster in the Great Attractor region known to date. It is comparable in virial mass, richness and size to the well-known but more distant Coma cluster. The Norma cluster most likely marks the bottom of the potential well of the Great Attractor. It is located at the intersection of two main large-scale structures, the Centaurus Wall and the Norma supercluster. The flow field observed around the Great Attractor probably is caused by the confluence of these two massive structures.
Due to the foreground extinction of the Milky Way, galaxies appear increasingly fainter the closer they lie to the Galactic Equator, creating a zone of avoidance of about 25% in the distribution of optically visible galaxies. A whole-sky map of galax
ies is essential, however, for understanding the dynamics in our local Universe, in particular the peculiar velocity of the Local Group with respect to the Cosmic Microwave Background and velocity flow fields such as in the Great Attractor region. Various dynamically important structures behind the Milky Way have only recently been made ``visible through dedicated deep surveys at various wavelengths. The wide range of observational searches (optical, near infrared, far infrared, radio and X-ray) for galaxies in the Zone of Avoidance are reviewed, including a discussion on the limitations and selection effects of these partly complementary approaches. The uncovered and suspected large-scale structures are summarized. Reconstruction methods of the density field in the Zone of Avoidance are described and the resulting predictions compared with observational evidence. The comparison between reconstructed density fields and the observed galaxy distribution allow derivations of the density and biasing parameters Omega_0 and b.
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