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تسجيل مستخدم جديدA Smart Pixel Camera for future Cherenkov Telescopes
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The Smart Pixel Camera is a new camera for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, suited for a next generation of large multi-telescope ground based gamma-ray observatories. The design of the camera foresees all electronics needed to process the images to be located inside the camera body at the focal plane. The camera has a modular design and is scalable in the number of pixels. The camera electronics provides the performance needed for the next generation instruments, like short signal integration time, topological trigger and short trigger gate, and at the same time the design is optimized to minimize the cost per channel. In addition new features are implemented, like the measurement of the arrival time of light pulses in the pixels on the few hundred psec timescale. The buffered readout system of the camera allows to take images at sustained rates of O(10 kHz) with a dead-time of only about 0.8 % per kHz.
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This paper describes the concept of an FPGA-based digital camera trigger for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, developed for the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). The proposed camera trigger is designed to select images initiated by the
Cherenkov emission of extended air showers from very-high energy (VHE, E>20 GeV) photons and charged particles while suppressing signatures from background light. The trigger comprises three stages. A first stage employs programmable discriminators to digitize the signals arriving from the camera channels (pixels). At the second stage, a grid of low-cost FPGAs is used to process the digitized signals for camera regions with 37 pixels. At the third stage, trigger conditions found independently in any of the overlapping 37-pixel regions are combined into a global camera trigger by few central FPGAs. Trigger prototype boards based on Xilinx FPGAs have been designed, built and tested and were shown to function properly. Using these components a full camera trigger with a power consumption and price per channel of about 0.5 W and 19 Euro, respectively, can be built. With the described design the camera trigger algorithm can take advantage of pixel information in both the space and the time domain allowing, for example, the creation of triggers sensitive to the time-gradient of a shower image; the time information could also be exploited to online adjust the time window of the acquisition system for pixel data. Combining the results of the parallel execution of different trigger algorithms (optimized, for example, for the lowest and highest energies, respectively) on each FPGA can result in a better response over all photons energies (as demonstrated by Monte Carlo simulation in this work).
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) Consortium is developing the new generation of ground observatories for the detection of ultra-high energy gamma-rays. The Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) is participating to the R&D of a possible solut
ion for the Cherenkov photon cameras based on Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors sensitive to Near Ultraviolet (NUV) energies. The latest NUV-HD SiPM technology achieved by the collaboration of INFN with Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) is based on $30mumbox{m}times30mumbox{m}$ micro-cell sensors arranged in a $6times6;mbox{mm}^2$ area. Single SiPMs produced by FBK have been tested and their performances have been found to be suitable to equip the CTA cameras. Currently, INFN is developing the concept, mechanics and electronics for prototype modules made of 64 NUV-HD SiPMs intended to equip a possible update of the CTA Prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) telescope. The performances of NUV-HD SiPMs and the design and tests of multi-SiPM modules are reviewed in this contribution.
NectarCAM is a camera proposed for the medium-sized telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) covering the central energy range of ~100 GeV to ~30 TeV. It has a modular design and is based on the NECTAr chip, at the heart of which is a GHz sa
mpling Switched Capacitor Array and a 12-bit Analog to Digital converter. The camera will be equipped with 265 7-photomultiplier modules, covering a field of view of 8 degrees. Each module includes the photomultiplier bases, high voltage supply, pre-amplifier, trigger, readout and Ethernet transceiver. The recorded events last between a few nanoseconds and tens of nanoseconds. The camera trigger will be flexible so as to minimize the read-out dead-time of the NECTAr chips. NectarCAM is designed to sustain a data rate of more than 4 kHz with less than 5% dead time. The camera concept, the design and tests of the various subcomponents and results of thermal and electrical prototypes are presented. The design includes the mechanical structure, cooling of the electronics, read-out, clock distribution, slow control, data-acquisition, triggering, monitoring and services.
NectarCAM is a camera proposed for the medium-sized telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) which covers the core energy range of ~100 GeV to ~30 TeV. It has a modular design and is based on the NECTAr chip, at the heart of which is a GHz s
ampling Switched Capacitor Array and 12-bit Analog to Digital converter. The camera will be equipped with 265 7-photomultiplier modules, covering a field of view of 8 degrees. Each module includes photomultiplier bases, high voltage supply, pre-amplifier, trigger, readout and Ethernet transceiver. The recorded events last between a few nanoseconds and tens of nanoseconds. The expected performance of the camera are discussed. Prototypes of NectarCAM components have been built to validate the design. Preliminary results of a 19-module mini-camera are presented, as well as future plans for building and testing a full size camera.
The FlashCam group is currently preparing photomultiplier-tube based cameras proposed for the medium-sized telescopes (MST) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). The cameras are designed around the FlashCam readout concept which is the first fully-
digital readout system for Cherenkov cameras, based on commercial FADCs and FPGAs as key components for the front-end electronics modules and a high performance camera server as back-end. This contribution describes the progress of the full-scale FlashCam camera prototype currently under construction, as well as performance results also obtained with earlier demonstrator setups. Plans towards the production and implementation of FlashCams on site are also briefly presented.
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