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The simple reading of the evidence is that the large elliptical galaxies existed at about the present star mass and comoving number density at redshift z=2. This is subject to the usual uncertainties of measurement and interpretation in astronomy, but should be taken seriously because it is indicated by quite a few lines of evidence. And it might be a guide to a more perfect theory of galaxy formation.
The recent LIGO detection of gravitational waves (GW150914), likely originating from the merger of two $sim 30 M_odot$ black holes suggests progenitor stars of low metallicity ($[Z/Z_odot] lesssim 0.3$), constraining when and where the progenitor of
We have used the Hubble Space Telescopes Advanced Camera for Surveys (Ford et al. 2003) to measure the cumulative mass density in morphologically-selected early-type galaxies over the redshift range 0.8 < z < 1.7. Our imaging data set covers four wel
We have used the Hubble Space Telescopes Advanced Camera for Surveys to measure the mass density function of morphologically selected early-type galaxies in the Gemini Deep Deep Survey fields, over the redshift range 0.9 < z < 1.6. Our imaging data s
The characteristic mass that sets the peak of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is closely linked to the thermodynamic behaviour of interstellar gas, which controls how gas fragments as it collapses under gravity. As the Universe has grown in m
Elliptical galaxies today appear aligned with the large-scale structure of the Universe, but it is still an open question when they acquire this alignment. Observational data is currently insufficient to provide constraints on the time evolution of i