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A word is square-free if it does not contain any square (a word of the form $XX$), and is extremal square-free if it cannot be extended to a new square-free word by inserting a single letter at any position. Grytczuk, Kordulewski, and Niewiadomski proved that there exist infinitely many ternary extremal square-free words. We establish that there are no extremal square-free words over any alphabet of size at least 17.
Chen, Kitaev, M{u}tze, and Sun recently introduced the notion of universal partial words, a generalization of universal words and de Bruijn sequences. Universal partial words allow for a wild-card character $diamond$, which is a placeholder for any l
For positive integers $w$ and $k$, two vectors $A$ and $B$ from $mathbb{Z}^w$ are called $k$-crossing if there are two coordinates $i$ and $j$ such that $A[i]-B[i]geq k$ and $B[j]-A[j]geq k$. What is the maximum size of a family of pairwise $1$-cross
Given a graph $H$, a graph is $H$-free if it does not contain $H$ as a subgraph. We continue to study the topic of extremal planar graphs, that is, how many edges can an $H$-free planar graph on $n$ vertices have? We define $ex_{_mathcal{P}}(n,H)$ to
An extension of the well-known Szeged index was introduced recently, named as weighted Szeged index ($textrm{sz}(G)$). This paper is devoted to characterizing the extremal trees and graphs of this new topological invariant. In particular, we proved t
We present results on the existence of long arithmetic progressions in the Thue-Morse word and in a class of generalised Thue-Morse words. Our arguments are inspired by van der Waerdens proof for the existence of arbitrary long monochromatic arithmet