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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling has established itself as one of the most widely used cooling schemes for trapped ions during the past twenty years. Compared to its alternatives, EIT cooling possesses important advantages such as a tunable effective linewidth, a very low steady state phonon occupation, and applicability for multiple ions. However, existing analytic expression for the steady state phonon occupation of EIT cooling is limited to the zeroth order of the Lamb-Dicke parameter. Here we extend such calculations and present the explicit expression to the second order of the Lamb-Dicke parameter. We discuss several implications of our refined formula and are able to resolve certain difficulties in existing results.
Electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) cooling is a ground-state cooling technique for trapped particles. EIT offers a broader cooling range in frequency space compared to more established methods. In this work, we experimentally investigate
We theoretically and experimentally investigate double electromagnetically induced transparency (double-EIT) cooling of two-dimensional ion crystals confined in a Paul trap. The double-EIT ground-state cooling is observed for Yb ions with clock state
We present a program for the reduction of large systems of integrals to master integrals. The algorithm was first proposed by Laporta; in this paper, we implement it in MAPLE. We also develop two new features which keep the size of intermediate expre
We introduce a novel energy functional for ground-state electronic-structure calculations. Its fundamental variables are the natural spin-orbitals of the implied singlet many-body wave function and their joint occupation probabilities. The functional
The difference between the guiding center phase-space Lagrangians derived in [J.W. Burby, J. Squire, and H. Qin, Phys. Plasmas {bf 20}, 072105 (2013)] and [F.I. Parra, and I. Calvo, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion {bf 53}, 045001 (2011)] is due to a dif