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Herbarium contains treasures of millions of specimens which have been preserved for several years for scientific studies. To speed up more scientific discoveries, a digitization of these specimens is currently on going to facilitate easy access and sharing of its data to a wider scientific community. Online digital repositories such as IDigBio and GBIF have already accumulated millions of specimen images yet to be explored. This presents a perfect time to automate and speed up more novel discoveries using machine learning and computer vision. In this study, a thorough analysis and comparison of more than 50 peer-reviewed studies which focus on application of computer vision and machine learning techniques to digitized herbarium specimen have been examined. The study categorizes different techniques and applications which have been commonly used and it also highlights existing challenges together with their possible solutions. It is our hope that the outcome of this study will serve as a strong foundation for beginners of the relevant field and will also shed more light for both computer science and ecology experts.
Machine learning may enable the automated generation of test oracles. We have characterized emerging research in this area through a systematic literature review examining oracle types, researcher goals, the ML techniques applied, how the generation
Federated learning is an emerging machine learning paradigm where clients train models locally and formulate a global model based on the local model updates. To identify the state-of-the-art in federated learning and explore how to develop federated
Abnormal gait, its associated falls and complications have high patient morbidity, mortality. Computer vision detects, predicts patient gait abnormalities, assesses fall risk and serves as clinical decision support tool for physicians. This paper per
Machine translation (MT) plays an important role in benefiting linguists, sociologists, computer scientists, etc. by processing natural language to translate it into some other natural language. And this demand has grown exponentially over past coupl
Blockchain has been increasingly used as a software component to enable decentralisation in software architecture for a variety of applications. Blockchain governance has received considerable attention to ensure the safe and appropriate use and evol