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It is widely acknowledged that the initial spreaders play an important role for the wide spreading of information in complex networks. Thus, a variety of centrality-based methods have been proposed to identify the most influential spreaders. However, most of the existing studies have overlooked the fact that in real social networks it is more costly and difficult to convince influential individuals to act as initial spreaders, resulting in a high risk in maximizing the spreading. In this paper, we address this problem on the basis of the assumption that large-degree nodes are activated with a higher risk than small-degree nodes. We aim to identify the effective initial spreaders to maximize spreading when considering both the activation risk and the outbreak size of initial spreaders. On random networks, the analytical analysis reveals that the degree of optimal initial spreaders does not correspond to the largest degree of nodes in the network but rather be determined by infection probability and difference of activation risk among nodes with different degree. Here, we propose a risk-aware metric to identify the effective spreaders on real networks. The numerical simulation shows that the risk-aware metric outperforms the existing benchmark centralities in maximizing the effective spreading.
The propagations of diseases, behaviors and information in real systems are rarely independent of each other, but they are coevolving with strong interactions. To uncover the dynamical mechanisms, the evolving spatiotemporal patterns and critical phe
Searching for influential spreaders in complex networks is an issue of great significance for applications across various domains, ranging from the epidemic control, innovation diffusion, viral marketing, social movement to idea propagation. In this
Identifying the node spreading influence in networks is an important task to optimally use the network structure and ensure the more efficient spreading in information. In this paper, by taking into account the shortest distance between a target node
As an important type of dynamics on complex networks, spreading is widely used to model many real processes such as the epidemic contagion and information propagation. One of the most significant research questions in spreading is to rank the spreadi
Spreading processes are ubiquitous in natural and artificial systems. They can be studied via a plethora of models, depending on the specific details of the phenomena under study. Disease contagion and rumor spreading are among the most important of