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We introduce MORA, an automated tool for generating invariants of probabilistic programs. Inputs to MORA are so-called Prob-solvable loops, that is probabilistic programs with polynomial assignments over random variables and parametrized distributions. Combining methods from symbolic computation and statistics, MORA computes invariant properties over higher-order moments of loop variables, expressing, for example, statistical properties, such as expected values and variances, over the value distribution of loop variables.
A distributed protocol is typically modeled as a set of communicating processes, where each process is described as an extended state machine along with fairness assumptions, and its correctness is specified using safety and liveness requirements. De
Most scripting languages nowadays use regex pattern-matching libraries. These regex libraries borrow the syntax of regular expressions, but have an informal semantics that is different from the semantics of regular expressions, removing the commutati
Lexical states provide a powerful mechanism to scan regular expressions in a context sensitive manner. At the same time, lexical states also make it hard to reason about the correctness of the grammar. We first categorize the related correctness issu
Finitary Idealized Concurrent Algol (FICA) is a prototypical programming language combining functional, imperative, and concurrent computation. There exists a fully abstract game model of FICA, which in principle can be used to prove equivalence and
Steganography, as one of the three basic information security systems, has long played an important role in safeguarding the privacy and confidentiality of data in cyberspace. Audio is one of the most common means of information transmission in our d