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Polarizability is a key response property of physical and chemical systems, which has an impact on intermolecular interactions, spectroscopic observables, and vacuum polarization. The calculation of polarizability for quantum systems involves an infinite sum over all excited (bound and continuum) states, concealing the physical interpretation of polarization mechanisms and complicating the derivation of efficient response models. Approximate expressions for the dipole polarizability, $alpha$, rely on different scaling laws $alpha propto$ $R^3$, $R^4$, or $R^7$, for various definitions of the system radius $R$. Here, we consider a range of atom-like quantum systems of varying spatial dimensionality and having qualitatively different spectra, demonstrating that their polarizability follows a universal four-dimensional scaling law $alpha = C (4 mu q^2/hbar^2)L^4$, where $mu$ and $q$ are the (effective) particle mass and charge, $C$ is a dimensionless ratio between effective excitation energies, and the characteristic length $L$ is defined via the $mathcal{L}^2$-norm of the position operator. The applicability of this unified formula is demonstrated by accurately predicting the dipole polarizability of 36 atoms and 1641 small organic~molecules.
Three earlier relativistic coupled-cluster (RCC) calculations of dipole polarizability ($alpha_d$) of the Cd atom are not in good agreement with the available experimental value of $49.65(1.65) e a_0^3$. Among these two are finite-field approaches i
The cesium 6S_1/2 scalar dipole polarizability alpha_0 has been determined from the time-of-flight of laser cooled and launched cesium atoms traveling through an electric field. We find alpha_0 = 6.611+-0.009 x 10^-39 C m^2/V= 59.42+-0.08 x 10^-24 cm
We present electric dipole polarizabilities ($alpha_d$) of the alkali-metal negative ions, from H$^-$ to Fr$^-$, by employing four-component relativistic many-body methods. Differences in the results are shown by considering Dirac-Coulomb (DC) Hamilt
Invariance under time translation (or stationarity) is probably one of the most important assumptions made when investigating electromagnetic phenomena. Breaking this assumption is expected to open up novel possibilities and result in exceeding conve
Electron transport in realistic physical and chemical systems often involves the non-trivial exchange of energy with a large environment, requiring the definition and treatment of open quantum systems. Because the time evolution of an open quantum sy