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تسجيل مستخدم جديدInterstellar Detection of the Highly Polar Five-Membered Ring Cyanocyclopentadiene
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Much like six-membered rings, five-membered rings are ubiquitous in organic chemistry, frequently serving as the building blocks for larger molecules, including many of biochemical importance. From a combination of laboratory rotational spectroscopy and a sensitive spectral line survey in the radio band toward the starless cloud core TMC-1, we report the astronomical detection of 1-cyano-1,3-cyclopentadiene, $c$-C$_5$H$_5$CN}, a highly polar, cyano derivative of cyclopentadiene, $c$-C$_5$H$_6$. The derived abundance of $c$-C$_5$H$_5$CN} is far greater than predicted from astrochemical models which well reproduce the abundance of many carbon chains. This finding implies either an important production mechanism or a large reservoir of aromatic material may need to be considered. The apparent absence of its closely-related isomer, 2-cyano-1,3-cyclopentadiene, may arise from its lower stability or be indicative of a more selective pathway for formation of the 1-cyano isomer, perhaps one starting from acyclic precursors. The absence of N-heterocycles such as pyrrole and pyridine is discussed in light of the astronomical finding.
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Using radio observations with the Green Bank Telescope, evidence has now been found for a second five-membered ring in the dense cloud Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1). Based on additional observations of an ongoing, large-scale, high-sensitivity spe
ctral line survey (GOTHAM) at centimeter wavelengths toward this source, we have used a combination of spectral stacking, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), and matched filtering techniques to detect 2-cyanocyclopentadiene, a low-lying isomer of 1-cyanocyclopentadiene, which was recently discovered there by the same methods. The new observational data also yields a considerably improved detection significance for the more stable isomer and evidence for several individual transitions between 23 - 32 GHz. Through our MCMC analysis, we derive total column densities of $8.3times10^{11}$ and $1.9times10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$ for 1- and 2-cyanocyclopentadiene respectively, corresponding to a ratio of 4.4(6) favoring the former. The derived abundance ratios point towards a common formation pathway - most likely being cyanation of cyclopentadiene by analogy to benzonitrile.
Cyanogen (NCCN) is the simplest member of the series of dicyanopolyynes. It has been hypothesized that this family of molecules can be important constituents of interstellar and circumstellar media, although the lack of a permanent electric dipole mo
ment prevents its detection through radioastronomical techniques. Here we present the first solid evidence of the presence of cyanogen in interstellar clouds through the detection of its protonated form toward the cold dark clouds TMC-1 and L483. Protonated cyanogen (NCCNH+) has been identified through the J=5-4 and J=10-9 rotational transitions using the 40m radiotelescope of Yebes and the IRAM 30m telescope. We derive beam averaged column densities for NCCNH+ of (8.6+/-4.4)e10 cm-2 in TMC-1 and (3.9+/-1.8)e10 cm-2 in L483, which translate to fairly low fractional abundances relative to H2, in the range (1-10)e-12. The chemistry of protonated molecules in dark clouds is discussed, and it is found that, in general terms, the abundance ratio between the protonated and non protonated forms of a molecule increases with increasing proton affinity. Our chemical model predicts an abundance ratio NCCNH+/NCCN of 1e-4, which implies that the abundance of cyanogen in dark clouds could be as high as (1-10)e-8 relative to H2, i.e., comparable to that of other abundant nitriles such as HCN, HNC, and HC3N.
Polar ring galaxies are ideal objects with which to study the three-dimensional shapes of galactic gravitational potentials since two rotation curves can be measured in two perpendicular planes. Observational studies have uncovered systematically lar
ger rotation velocities in the extended polar rings than in the associated host galaxies. In the dark matter context, this can only be explained through dark halos that are systematically flattened along the polar rings. Here, we point out that these objects can also be used as very effective tests of gravity theories, such as those based on Milgromian dynamics (MOND). We run a set of polar ring models using both Milgromian and Newtonian dynamics to predict the expected shapes of the rotation curves in both planes, varying the total mass of the system, the mass of the ring with respect to the host, as well as the size of the hole at the center of the ring. We find that Milgromian dynamics not only naturally leads to rotation velocities being typically higher in the extended polar rings than in the hosts, as would be the case in Newtonian dynamics without dark matter, but that it also gets the shape and amplitude of velocities correct. Milgromian dynamics thus adequately explains this particular property of polar ring galaxies.
Galaxies with polar rings consist of two subsystems, a disk and a ring, which rotate almost in orthogonal planes. In this paper, we analyze the parameters characterizing the composition of the interstellar medium and star formation in star-forming co
mplexes, belonging to a polar ring galaxy NGC660. We show that star-forming regions in the ring of the galaxy are distinctively different from those in the galaxy disk. They possess substantially lower infrared luminosities, indicative of less dust mass in these regions than in a typical disk star-forming region. UV and H$alpha$ luminosities also appear to be lower in the ring, probably, being a consequence of its relatively recent formation.
The ionization state and oxygen abundance distribution in a sample of polar-ring galaxies (PRGs) were studied from the long-slit spectroscopic observations carried out with the SCORPIO-2 focal reducer at the Russian 6-m telescope. The sample consists
of 15 PRGs classified as `the best candidates in the SDSS-based Polar Ring Catalogue. The distributions of line-of-sight velocities of stellar and gaseous components have given kinematic confirmation of polar structures in 13 galaxies in the sample. We show that ionization by young stars dominates in the external parts of polar discs, while shocks have a significant contribution to gas excitation in the inner parts of polar structures. This picture was predicted earlier in a toy model implying the collision between gaseous clouds on polar orbits with the stellar disc gravitational potential well. The exception is a moderately inclined ring to the host galaxy NGC 5014: the accreted gas in the centre has already settled on the main plane and ionized by young stars, while the gas in the internal part of the ring is excited by shocks. The present study three times increases the number of polar structures with an available oxygen abundance estimation. The measured values of the gas metallicity almost do not depend on the galaxy luminosity. The radial [O/H] gradient in the considered polar rings is shallow or absent. No metal-poor gas was detected. We ruled out the scenario of the formation of polar rings due to cold accretion from cosmic filaments for the considered sample of PRGs.
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