ترغب بنشر مسار تعليمي؟ اضغط هنا

Cocycle Invariants and Oriented Singular Knots

139   0   0.0 ( 0 )
 نشر من قبل Mustafa Hajij
 تاريخ النشر 2020
  مجال البحث
والبحث باللغة English




اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث

We extend the quandle cocycle invariant to oriented singular knots and links using algebraic structures called emph{oriented singquandles} and assigning weight functions at both regular and singular crossings. This invariant coincides with the classical cocycle invariant for classical knots but provides extra information about singular knots and links. The new invariant distinguishes the singular granny knot from the singular square knot.



قيم البحث

اقرأ أيضاً

We generalize the notion of the quandle polynomial to the case of singquandles. We show that the singquandle polynomial is an invariant of finite singquandles. We also construct a singular link invariant from the singquandle polynomial and show that this new singular link invariant generalizes the singquandle counting invariant. In particular, using the new polynomial invariant, we can distinguish singular links with the same singquandle counting invariant.
We introduce shadow structures for singular knot theory. Precisely, we define emph{two} invariants of singular knots and links. First, we introduce a notion of action of a singquandle on a set to define a shadow counting invariant of singular links w hich generalize the classical shadow colorings of knots by quandles. We then define a shadow polynomial invariant for shadow structures. Lastly, we enhance the shadow counting invariant by combining both the shadow counting invariant and the shadow polynomial invariant. Explicit examples of computations are given.
105 - Jose Ceniceros , Sam Nelson 2020
We bring cocycle enhancement theory to the case of psyquandles. Analogously to our previous work on virtual biquandle cocycle enhancements, we define enhancements of the psyquandle counting invariant via pairs of a biquandle 2-cocycle and a new funct ion satisfying some conditions. As an application we define new single-variable and two-variable polynomial invariants of oriented pseudoknots and singular knots and links. We provide examples to show that the new invariants are proper enhancements of the counting invariant are are not determined by the Jablan polynomial.
We introduce the notion of fundamental heap for compact orientable surfaces with boundary embedded in $3$-space, which is an isotopy invariant of the embedding. It is a group, endowed with a ternary heap operation, defined using diagrams of surfaces in a form of thickened trivalent graphs called surface ribbons. We prove that the fundamental heap has a free part whose rank is given by the number of connected components of the surface. We study the behavior of the invariant under boundary connected sum, as well as addition/deletion of twisted bands, and provide formulas relating the number of generators of the fundamental heap to the Euler characteristics. We describe in detail the effect of stabilization on the fundamental heap, and determine that for each given finitely presented group there exists a surface ribbon whose fundamental heap is isomorphic to it, up to extra free factors. A relation between the fundamental heap and the Wirtinger presentation is also described. Moreover, we introduce cocycle invariants for surface ribbons using the notion of mutually distributive cohomology and heap colorings. Explicit computations of fundamental heap and cocycle invariants are presented.
We define Floer homology theories for oriented, singular knots in S^3 and show that one of these theories can be defined combinatorially for planar singular knots.
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
mircosoft-partner

هل ترغب بارسال اشعارات عن اخر التحديثات في شمرا-اكاديميا