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The current study uses a network analysis approach to explore the STEM pathways that students take through their final year of high school in Aotearoa New Zealand. By accessing individual-level microdata from New Zealands Integrated Data Infrastructure, we are able to create a co-enrolment network comprised of all STEM assessment standards taken by students in New Zealand between 2010 and 2016. We explore the structure of this co-enrolment network though use of community detection and a novel measure of entropy. We then investigate how network structure differs across sub-populations based on students sex, ethnicity, and the socio-economic-status (SES) of the high school they attended. Results show the structure of the STEM co-enrolment network differs across these sub-populations, and also changes over time. We find that, while female students were more likely to have been enrolled in life science standards, they were less well represented in physics, calculus, and vocational (e.g., agriculture, practical technology) standards. Our results also show that the enrolment patterns of the Maori and Pacific Islands sub-populations had higher levels of entropy, an observation that may be explained by fewer enrolments in key science and mathematics standards. Through further investigation of this disparity, we find that ethnic group differences in entropy are moderated by high school SES, such that the difference in entropy between Maori and Pacific Islands students, and European and Asian students is even greater. We discuss these findings in the context of the New Zealand education system and policy changes that occurred between 2010 and 2016.
Major disasters such as extreme weather events can magnify and exacerbate pre-existing social disparities, with disadvantaged populations bearing disproportionate costs. Despite the implications for equity and emergency planning, we lack a quantitati
Facial detection and analysis systems have been deployed by large companies and critiqued by scholars and activists for the past decade. Critiques that focus on system performance analyze disparity of the systems output, i.e., how frequently is a fac
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Anticipating the political behavior of people will be considerable help for election candidates to assess the possibility of their success and to be acknowledged about the public motivations to select them. In this paper, we provide a general schemat