The Quantum Supremacy Tsirelson Inequality

A leading proposal for verifying near-term quantum supremacy experiments on noisy random quantum circuits is linear cross-entropy benchmarking. For a quantum circuit $C$ on $n$ qubits and a sample $z in {0,1}^n$, the benchmark involves computing $|langle z|C|0^n rangle|^2$, i.e. the probability of measuring $z$ from the output distribution of $C$ on the all zeros input. Under a strong conjecture about the classical hardness of estimating output probabilities of quantum circuits, no polynomial-time classical algorithm given $C$ can output a string $z$ such that $|langle z|C|0^nrangle|^2$ is substantially larger than $frac{1}{2^n}$ (Aaronson and Gunn, 2019). On the other hand, for a random quantum circuit $C$, sampling $z$ from the output distribution of $C$ achieves $|langle z|C|0^nrangle|^2 approx frac{2}{2^n}$ on average (Arute et al., 2019). In analogy with the Tsirelson inequality from quantum nonlocal correlations, we ask: can a polynomial-time quantum algorithm do substantially better than $frac{2}{2^n}$? We study this question in the query (or black box) model, where the quantum algorithm is given oracle access to $C$. We show that, for any $varepsilon ge frac{1}{mathrm{poly}(n)}$, outputting a sample $z$ such that $|langle z|C|0^nrangle|^2 ge frac{2 + varepsilon}{2^n}$ on average requires at least $Omegaleft(frac{2^{n/4}}{mathrm{poly}(n)}right)$ queries to $C$, but not more than $Oleft(2^{n/3}right)$ queries to $C$, if $C$ is either a Haar-random $n$-qubit unitary, or a canonical state preparation oracle for a Haar-random $n$-qubit state. We also show that when $C$ samples from the Fourier distribution of a random Boolean function, the naive algorithm that samples from $C$ is the optimal 1-query algorithm for maximizing $|langle z|C|0^nrangle|^2$ on average.