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تسجيل مستخدم جديدScheduling of energy storage
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The increasing reliance on renewable energy generation means that storage may well play a much greater role in the balancing of future electricity systems. We show how heterogeneous stores, differing in capacity and rate constraints, may be optimally, or nearly optimally, scheduled to assist in such balancing, with the aim of minimising the total imbalance (unserved energy) over any given period of time. It further turns out that in many cases the optimal policies are such that the optimal decision at each point in time is independent of the future evolution of the supply-demand balance in the system, so that these policies remain optimal in a stochastic environment.
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It is likely that electricity storage will play a significant role in the balancing of future energy systems. A major challenge is then that of how to assess the contribution of storage to capacity adequacy, i.e. to the ability of such systems to mee
t demand. This requires an understanding of how to optimally schedule multiple storage facilities. The present paper studies this problem in the cases where the objective is the minimisation of expected energy unserved (EEU) and also a form of weighted EEU in which the unit cost of unserved energy is higher at higher levels of unmet demand. We also study how the contributions of individual stores may be identified for the purposes of their inclusion in electricity capacity markets.
We study how storage, operating as a price maker within a market environment, may be optimally operated over an extended period of time. The optimality criterion may be the maximisation of the profit of the storage itself, where this profit results f
rom the exploitation of the differences in market clearing prices at different times. Alternatively it may be the minimisation of the cost of generation, or the maximisation of consumer surplus or social welfare. In all cases there is calculated for each successive time-step the cost function measuring the total impact of whatever action is taken by the storage. The succession of such cost functions provides the information for the storage to determine how to behave over time, forming the basis of the appropriate optimisation problem. Further, optimal decision making, even over a very long or indefinite time period, usually depends on a knowledge of costs over a relatively short running time horizon -- for storage of electrical energy typically of the order of a day or so. We study particularly competition between multiple stores, where the objective of each store is to maximise its own income given the activities of the remainder. We show that, at the Cournot Nash equilibrium, multiple large stores collectively erode their own abilities to make profits: essentially each store attempts to increase its own profit over time by overcompeting at the expense of the remainder. We quantify this for linear price functions We give examples throughout based on Great Britain spot-price market data.
This paper considers the optimal dispatch of energy-constrained heterogeneous storage units to maximise security of supply. A policy, requiring no knowledge of the future, is presented and shown to minimise unserved energy during supply-shortfall eve
nts, regardless of the supply and demand profiles. It is accompanied by a graphical means to rapidly determine unavoidable energy shortfalls, which can then be used to compare different device fleets. The policy is well-suited for use within the framework of system adequacy assessment; for this purpose, a discrete time optimal policy is conceived, in both analytic and algorithmic forms, such that these results can be applied to discrete time systems and simulation studies. This is exemplified via a generation adequacy study of the British system.
This paper presents a framework for deriving the storage capacity that an electricity system requires in order to satisfy a chosen risk appetite. The framework takes as inputs user-defined event categories, parameterised by peak power-not-served, acc
eptable number of events per year and permitted probability of exceeding these constraints, and returns as an output the total capacity of storage that is needed. For increased model accuracy, our methodology incorporates multiple nodes with limited transfer capacities, and we provide a foresight-free dispatch policy for application to this setting. Finally, we demonstrate the chance-constrained capacity determination via application to a model of the British network.
Reduced installation and operating costs give energy storage systems an opportunity to participate actively and profitably in electricity markets. In addition to providing ancillary services, energy storage systems can also arbitrage temporal price d
ifferences. Congestion in the transmission network often accentuates these price differences and will under certain circumstances enhance the profitability of arbitrage. On the other hand, congestion may also limit the ability of a given storage device to take advantage of arbitrage opportunities. This paper analyzes how transmission congestion affects the profitability of arbitrage by storage devices in markets with perfect and imperfect competition. Imperfect competition is modeled using a bilevel optimization where the offers and bids submitted by the storage devices can alter the market outcome. Price-taker and price-maker assumptions are also investigated through market price duration curves. This analysis is based on simulating an entire year of market operation on the IEEE Reliability Test system.
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