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We investigate the problem of the predominance and survival of weak species in the context of the simplest generalization of the spatial stochastic rock-paper-scissors model to four species by considering models in which one, two, or three species have a reduced predation probability. We show, using lattice based spatial stochastic simulations with random initial conditions, that if only one of the four species has its probability reduced then the most abundant species is the prey of the weakest (assuming that the simulations are large enough for coexistence to prevail). Also, among the remaining cases, we present examples in which weak and strong species have similar average abundances and others in which either of them dominates -- the most abundant species being always a prey of a weak species with which it maintains a unidirectional predator-prey interaction. However, in contrast to the three-species model, we find no systematic difference in the global performance of weak and strong species, and we conjecture that the same result will hold if the number of species is further increased. We also determine the probability of single species survival and coexistence as a function of the lattice size, discussing its dependence on initial conditions and on the change to the dynamics of the model which results from the extinction of one of the species.
In this letter, we investigate the population dynamics in a May-Leonard formulation of the rock-paper-scissors game in which one or two species, which we shall refer to as weak, have a reduced predation or reproduction probability. We show that in a
We investigate a modified spatial stochastic Lotka-Volterra formulation of the rock-paper-scissors model using off-lattice stochastic simulations. In this model one of the species moves preferentially in a specific direction -- the level of preferenc
Rock-paper-scissors (RPS) game is a nice model to study the biodiversity in ecosystem. However, the previous studies only consider the nearest- neighbor- interaction among the species. In this paper, taking the long range migration into account, the
Clusters appear in nature in a diversity of contexts, involving distances as long as the cosmological ones, and down to atoms and molecules and the very small nuclear size. They also appear in several other scenarios, in particular in biological syst
We investigate the impact of parity on the abundance of weak species in the context of the simplest generalization of the rock-paper-scissors model to an arbitrary number of species -- we consider models with a total number of species ($N_S$) between