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تسجيل مستخدم جديدThe evolving AGN duty cycle in galaxies since z$sim$3 as encoded in the X-ray luminosity function
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We present a new modeling of the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) out to z$sim$3, dissecting the contribution of main-sequence (MS) and starburst (SB) galaxies. For each galaxy population, we convolved the observed galaxy stellar mass (M$_{star}$) function with a grid of M$_{star}$-independent Eddington ratio ($lambda_{rm EDD}$) distributions, normalised via empirical black hole accretion rate (BHAR) to star formation rate (SFR) relations. Our simple approach yields an excellent agreement with the observed XLF since z$sim$3. We find that the redshift evolution of the observed XLF can only be reproduced through an intrinsic flattening of the $lambda_{rm EDD}$ distribution, and with a positive shift of the break $lambda^{*}$, consistent with an anti-hierarchical behavior. The AGN accretion history is predominantly made by massive (10$^{10}<$M$_{star}<$10$^{11}$ M$_{odot}$) MS galaxies, while SB-driven BH accretion, possibly associated with galaxy mergers, becomes dominant only in bright quasars, at $log$(L$_{rm X}$/erg s$^{-1}$)$>$44.36 + 1.28$cdot$(1+z). We infer that the probability of finding highly-accreting ($lambda_{rm EDD}>$ 10%) AGN significantly increases with redshift, from 0.4% (3.0%) at z=0.5 to 6.5% (15.3%) at z=3 for MS (SB) galaxies, implying a longer AGN duty cycle in the early Universe. Our results strongly favor a M$_{star}$-dependent ratio between BHAR and SFR, as BHAR/SFR $propto$ M$_{star}^{0.73[+0.22,-0.29]}$, supporting a non-linear BH buildup relative to the host. Finally, this framework opens potential questions on super-Eddington BH accretion and different $lambda_{rm EDD}$ prescriptions for understanding the cosmic BH mass assembly.
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