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تسجيل مستخدم جديدThe ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Multi-Wavelength Ancillary Data and Basic Physical Measurements
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We present the ancillary data and basic physical measurements for the galaxies in the ALMA Large Program to Investigate C+ at Early Times (ALPINE) survey - the first large multi-wavelength survey which aims at characterizing the gas and dust properties of 118 main-sequence galaxies at redshifts 4.4 < z < 5.9 via the measurement of [CII]-emission at 158 micro-meter (64% at >3.5$sigma$) and the surrounding far-infrared (FIR) continuum in conjunction with a wealth of optical and near-infrared data. We outline in detail the spectroscopic data and selection of the galaxies as well as the ground- and space-based imaging products. In addition, we provide several basic measurements including stellar masses, star formation rates (SFR), rest-frame ultra-violet (UV) luminosities, UV continuum slopes ($beta$), and absorption line redshifts, as well as H-alpha emission derived from Spitzer colors. We find that the ALPINE sample is representative of the 4 < z < 6 galaxy population selected by photometric methods and only slightly biased towards bluer colors ($Deltabeta$ ~ 0.2). Using [CII] as tracer of the systemic redshift (confirmed for one galaxy at z=4.5 out of 118 for which we obtained optical [OII]$lambda$3727A emission), we confirm red shifted Ly-alpha emission and blue shifted absorption lines similar to findings at lower redshifts. By stacking the rest-frame UV spectra in the [CII] rest-frame we find that the absorption lines in galaxies with high specific SFR are more blue shifted, which could be indicative of stronger winds and outflows.
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The ALPINE-ALMA large program targets the [CII] 158 $mu$m line and the far-infrared continuum in 118 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies between z=4.4 and z=5.9. It represents the first large [CII] statistical sample built in this redsh
ift range. We present details of the data processing and the construction of the catalogs. We detected 23 of our targets in the continuum. To derive accurate infrared luminosities and obscured star formation rates, we measured the conversion factor from the ALMA 158 $mu$m rest-frame dust continuum luminosity to the total infrared luminosity (L$_{rm IR}$) after constraining the dust spectral energy distribution by stacking a photometric sample similar to ALPINE in ancillary single-dish far-infrared data. We found that our continuum detections have a median L$_{rm IR}$ of 4.4$times 10^{11}$ L$_odot$. We also detected 57 additional continuum sources in our ALMA pointings. They are at lower redshift than the ALPINE targets, with a mean photometric redshift of 2.5$pm$0.2. We measured the 850 $mu$m number counts between 0.35 and 3.5 mJy, improving the current interferometric constraints in this flux density range. We found a slope break in the number counts around 3 mJy with a shallower slope below this value. More than 40 % of the cosmic infrared background is emitted by sources brighter than 0.35 mJy. Finally, we detected the [CII] line in 75 of our targets. Their median [CII] luminosity is 4.8$times$10$^8$ L$_odot$ and their median full width at half maximum is 252 km/s. After measuring the mean obscured SFR in various [CII] luminosity bins by stacking ALPINE continuum data, we find a good agreement between our data and the local and predicted SFR-L$_{rm [CII]}$ relations of De Looze et al. (2014) and Lagache et al. (2018).
We report the detection of [CII]158um emission from a system of three closely-separated sources in the COSMOS field at z~4.56, as part of the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate CII at Early times (ALPINE). The two dominant sources are closely associat
ed, both spatially (1.6~11kpc) and in velocity (~100km/s), while the third source is slightly more distant (2.8~18kpc, ~300km/s). The second strongest source features a slight velocity gradient, while no significant velocity gradient is seen in the other two sources. Using the observed [CII] luminosities, we derive a total log(SFR_[CII]/[Msol/year])=2.8+/-0.2, which may be split into contributions of 59%, 31%, and 10% from the central, east, and west sources, respectively. Comparison of these [CII] detections to recent zoom-in cosmological simulations suggests an ongoing major merger. We are thus witnessing a system in a major phase of mass build-up by merging, including an on-going major merger and an upcoming minor merger, which is expected to end up in a single massive galaxy by z~2.5.
The dust content of normal galaxies and the dust mass density (DMD) at high-z (z>4) are unconstrained given the source confusion and the sensitivity limitations of previous observations. The ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early Times (ALP
INE), which targeted 118 UV-selected star-forming galaxies at 4.4<z<5.9, provides a new opportunity to tackle this issue for the first time with a statistically robust dataset. We have exploited the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) fluxes of the 23 continuum individually detected galaxies and stacks of continuum images to measure the dust content of the 118 UV-selected ALPINE galaxies. We have focused on the dust scaling relations and, by comparing them with predictions from chemical evolution models, we have probed the evolutionary stage of UV-selected galaxies at high-z. By using the observed correlation between the UV-luminosity and the dust mass, we have estimated the DMD of UV-selected galaxies at z~5, weighting the galaxies by means of the UV-luminosity function (UVLF). The derived DMD has been compared with the value we have estimated from the 10 ALPINE far-IR continuum blindly detected galaxies at the redshift of the ALPINE targets. The comparison of the observed dust scaling relations with chemical evolution models suggests that ALPINE galaxies are not likely progenitors of disc galaxies, but of intermediate and low mass proto-spheroids, resulting in present-day bulges of spiral or elliptical galaxies. Interestingly, this conclusion is in line with the independent morphological analysis, that shows that the majority (~70%) of the dust-continuum detected galaxies have a disturbed morphology. The DMD obtained at z~5 from UV-selected sources is ~30% of the value obtained from blind far-IR selected sources, showing that the UV-selection misses the most dust-rich, UV-obscured galaxies.
The molecular gas content of normal galaxies at z>4 is poorly constrained, because the commonly used molecular gas tracers become hard to detect. We use the [CII]158um luminosity, recently proposed as a molecular gas tracer, to estimate the molecular
gas content in a large sample of main-sequence star-forming galaxies at z=4.4-5.9, with a median stellar mass of 10^9.7 Msun, drawn from the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) survey. The agreement between molecular gas masses derived from [CII] luminosity, dynamical mass, and rest-frame 850um luminosity, extrapolated from the rest-frame 158um continuum, supports [CII] as a reliable tracer of molecular gas in our sample. We find a continuous decline of the molecular gas depletion timescale from z=0 to z=5.9, which reaches a mean value of (4.6+/-0.8)x10^8 yr at z~5.5, only a factor of 2-3 shorter than in present-day galaxies. This suggests a mild enhancement of star formation efficiency toward high redshifts, unless the molecular gas fraction significantly increases. Our estimates show that the rise in molecular gas fraction as reported previously, flattens off above z~3.7 to achieve a mean value of 63%+/-3 over z=4.4-5.9. This redshift evolution of the gas fraction is in line with the one of the specific star formation rate. We use multi-epoch abundance matching to follow the gas fraction evolution over cosmic time of progenitors of z=0 Milky Way-like galaxies in 10^13 Msun halos and of more massive z=0 galaxies in 10^14 Msun halos. Interestingly, the former progenitors show a monotonic decrease of the gas fraction with cosmic time, while the latter show a constant gas fraction from z=5.9 to z~2 and a decrease at z<2. We discuss three possible effects, namely outflows, halt of gas supplying, and over-efficient star formation, which may jointly contribute to the gas fraction plateau of the latter massive galaxies.
We report the serendipitous discovery of a bright galaxy (Gal-A) observed as part of the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE). While this galaxy is detected both in line and continuum emission in ALMA Band 7, it is complete
ly dark in UV/optical filters and only presents a marginal detection in the UltraVISTA Ks band. We discuss the nature of the observed ALMA line, i.e. whether the emission comes from [CII] at z~4.6, or from high-J CO transitions at z~2.2. In the first case we find a [CII]-to-FIR luminosity ratio of log(L_[CII]/L_FIR)=-2.5, consistent with the average value for local star-forming galaxies (SFGs); in the second case, instead, the source would lie outside of the empirical relations between L_CO and L_FIR found in the literature. At both redshifts, we derive the star-formation rate (SFR) from the ALMA continuum, and the stellar mass (M*) by using stellar population synthesis models as input for LePHARE spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. Exploiting our results, we believe that Gal-A is a Main-Sequence (MS), dusty SFG at z=4.6 (i.e. [CII] emitter) with log(SFR/[M/yr])~1.4 and log(M*/M)~9.7. This work underlines the crucial role of the ALPINE survey in making a census of this class of objects, in order to unveil their contribution to the global star-formation rate density (SFRD) of the Universe at the end of the Reionisation epoch.
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