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Looking at the orbits of small bodies with large semimajor axes, we are compelled to see patterns. Some of these patterns are noted as strong indicators of new or hidden processes in the outer Solar System, others are substantially generated by observational biases, and still others may be completely overlooked. We can gain insight into the current and past structure of the outer Solar System through a careful examination of these orbit patterns. In this chapter, we discuss the implications of the observed orbital distribution of distant trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). We start with some cautions on how observational biases must affect the known set of TNO orbits. Some of these biases are intrinsic to the process of discovering TNOs, while others can be reduced or eliminated through careful observational survey design. We discuss some orbital element correlations that have received considerable attention in the recent literature. We examine the known TNOs in the context of the gravitational processes that the known Solar System induces in orbital distributions. We discuss proposed new elements of the outer Solar System, posited ancient processes, and the types of TNO orbital element distributions that they predict to exist. We conclude with speculation.
This paper reports the discovery and orbital characterization of two extreme trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs), 2016 QV$_{89}$ and 2016 QU$_{89}$, which have orbits that appear similar to that of a previously known object, 2013 UH$_{15}$. All three ETN
Two populations of minor bodies in the outer Solar System remain particularly elusive: Scattered Disk objects and Sedna-like objects. These populations are important dynamical tracers, and understanding the details of their spatial- and size-distribu
The dependences of inclinations of orbits of secondaries in the discovered trans-Neptunian binaries on the distance between the primary and the secondary, on the eccentricity of orbits of the secondary around the primary, on the ratio of diameters of
Since 2013, dense and narrow rings are known around the small Centaur object Chariklo and the dwarf planet Haumea. Dense material has also been detected around the Centaur Chiron, although its nature is debated. This is the first time ever that rings
Context: Accurate measurements of diameters of trans-Neptunian objects are extremely complicated to obtain. Thermal modeling can provide good results, but accurate absolute magnitudes are needed to constrain the thermal models and derive diameters an